Skip to main content

Table 3 Associations in the Inter99 study between PRAL score and diabetes-related intermediary traits stratified by sex as well as means and medians for the individual quintiles

From: Population-based studies of relationships between dietary acidity load, insulin resistance and incident diabetes in Danes

Variable

Quintile 1

Quintile 2

Quintile 3

Quintile 4

Quintile 5

BetaModel 1 (95%CI)

P Model 1

P Model 2

Men

n = 558

n = 558

n = 557

n = 558

n = 558

   

PRAL range (mEq/d)

− 92; −11

−11; −1

−1; 6

6; 15

15; 90

   

HBA1C (%)a

6.0 ± 0.6

5.9 ± 0.6

5.9 ± 0.4

5.9 ± 0.7

5.9 ± 0.6

− 0.001 (− 0.003; 6 × 10− 5)

0.06

0.04

Plasma glucose (mmol/l)

 Fastinga

5.8 ± 1.0

5.7 ± 0.9

5.7 ± 0.7

5.7 ± 1.1

5.6 ± 0.9

− 0.001 (− 0.004; 0.0008)

0.2

0.1

 30 mina

9.5 ± 2.1

9.1 ± 1.9

9.2 ± 1.8

9.2 ± 1.8

9.0 ± 1.8

−0.003 (− 0.007; 0.001)

0.2

0.09

 120 min

5.6 (4.6; 7.0)

5.9 (4.9; 6.9)

5.9 (4.8; 6.9)

5.7 (4.8; 6.79)

5.9 (4.9; 7.0)

0.2 (0.1; 0.3)

3 × 10− 6

6 × 10− 6

Serum insulin (pmol/l)

 Fasting

34 (23; 52)

36 (24; 54)

38 (25; 56)

37 (25; 57)

37 (25; 55)

0.2 (0.02; 0.3)

0.02

0.052

 30 min

244 (170; 356)

251 (165; 368)

255 (181; 380)

253 (173; 382)

264 (185; 396)

0.06 (−0.08; 0.2)

0.4

0.9

 120 min

123 (67; 223)

141 (82; 233)

155 (83; 255)

143 (81; 242)

150 (89; 275)

0.6 (0.4; 0.8)

4 × 10−9

5 × 10−9

Measures of beta cell function

 Insulinogenic index

22.5 (15.0; 34.0)

23.5 (15.2; 34.9)

23.8 (16.2; 35.5)

23.1 (15.5; 36.3)

25.6 (16.6; 38.8)

0.08 (−0.09; 0.2)

0.3

0.6

 Corrected insulin response

511 (306; 820)

557 (358; 932)

564 (353; 968)

563 (360; 891)

655 (384; 1008)

0.1 (−0.04; 0.3)

0.1

0.2

Measures of insulin sensitivity

 HOMA-IR

1.5 (0.9; 2.3)

1.5 (1.0; 2.3)

1.6 (1.0; 2.4)

1.6 (1.0; 2.4)

1.5 (1.0; 2.4)

0.1 (−0.02; 0.3)

0.09

0.2

 ISIMatsuda

7.7 (4.9; 11.5)

7.3 (4.9; 11.1)

7.2 (4.8; 10.6)

7.1 (5.0; 11.0)

7.4 (4.6; 10.6)

−0.2 (−0.3; − 0.03)

0.02

0.04

 BIGTT-Sia

8.3 ± 3.6

8.1 ± 3.5

8.0 ± 3.4

8.1 ± 3.5

8.1 ± 3.6

−0.02 (− 0.02; − 0.007)

3 × 10−4

3 × 10−4

Disposition Index

285 (188; 407)

273 (185; 390)

277 (188; 381)

282 (186; 382)

302 (197; 419)

−0.1 (− 0.3; 0.05)

0.2

0.3

Women

n = 569

n = 568

n = 568

n = 568

n = 569

   

PRAL range (mEq/d)

−84; −15

−15; −5

−5; 1

1; 9

9; 77

   

HBA1C (%)a

5.8 ± 0.8

5.7 ± 0.4

5.7 ± 0.4

5.7 ± 0.5

5.7 ± 0.5

−0.0002 (−0.001; 0.0009)

0.7

0.3

Plasma glucose (mmol/l)

 Fastinga

5.4 ± 0.7

5.3 ± 0.5

5.3 ± 0.5

5.3 ± 0.6

5.3 ± 0.9

0.001 (−0.0005; 0.003)

0.2

0.4

 30 mina

8.1 ± 1.8

8.2 ± 1.7

8.1 ± 1.7

8.1 ± 1.8

8.2 ± 1.7

0.003 (− 0.002; 0.007)

0.3

0.8

 120 min

5.7 (4.9; 6.7)

5.9 (4.9; 6.9)

6.0 (5.2; 6.9)

6.0 (5.1; 7.0)

6.0 (5.2; 7.1)

0.2 (0.08; 0.2)

3 × 10−5

7 × 10−4

Serum insulin (pmol/l)

 Fasting

31 (22; 46)

30 (22; 44)

34 (23; 51)

34 (24; 47)

33 (24; 50)

0.3 (0.1; 0.4)

8 × 10−4

0.03

 30 min

238 (171; 325)

228 (168; 322)

238 (178; 324)

243 (179; 348)

253 (185; 347)

0.1 (−0.02; 0.3)

0.08

0.5

 120 min

155 (104; 230)

162 (113; 246)

175 (114; 259)

178 (119; 277)

185 (123; 275)

0.5 (0.4; 0.7)

1 × 10−8

1 × 10−6

Measures of beta cell function

 Insulinogenic index

25.3 (17.6; 37.4)

24.4 (17.3; 34.4)

24.7 (17.8; 35.9)

26.0 (18.4; 39.5)

27.1 (18.6; 38.7)

0.07 (−0.09; 0.2)

0.4

0.8

 Corrected insulin response

736 (483; 1224)

693 (454; 1131)

762 (456; 1223)

775 (494; 1278)

827 (488; 1352)

0.05 (−0.2; 0.3)

0.6

0.7

Measures of insulin sensitivity

 HOMA-IR

1.2 (0.84; 1.8)

1.2 (0.85; 1.8)

1.3 (0.89; 2.0)

1.3 (0.94; 1.9)

1.3 (0.91; 2.0)

0.3 (0.1; 0.4)

8 × 10−4

0.04

 ISIMatsuda

8.8 (6.1; 12.1)

8.7 (6.0; 12.3)

8.2 (5.4; 11.7)

8.0 (5.7; 10.9)

7.9 (5.5; 11.0)

−0.3 (−0.5; −0.2)

2 × 10−5

0.002

 BIGTT-Sia

10.7 ± 4.2

10.6 ± 4.1

10.3 ± 4.4

10.3 ± 4.1

10.0 ± 4.3

−0.03 (− 0.04; − 0.02)

8 × 10−6

8 × 10−6

Disposition Index

324 (225; 474)

316 (217; 434)

308 (204; 425)

312 (227; 431)

324 (223; 428)

−0.2 (− 0.4; − 0.08)

0.003

0.02

  1. Data are from the Inter99 cohort and presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (inter quartile range) for each quintile of PRAL score as a description of the cohorts. Effect sizes (95% confidence interval) are calculated using linear models with PRAL score as a continuous variable and are given as percentage increase for a one unit increase in PRAL score except for variables that have not been transformed by the natural logarithm in which case it is given as an increase per unit. The linear regression model 1 was adjusted for age, smoking, physical activity and fat, energy and carbohydrate intake. The linear regression model 2 was adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, physical activity and fat, energy and carbohydrate intake except for BIGTT-Si, which was not adjusted for BMI (as this variable is included in the calculation of BIGTT-Si). Calculations of measures of beta cell function and insulin sensitivity were carried out as described in methods. Variables were transformed by the natural logarithm unless otherwise indicated by (a). Quintile values are raw data and are for descriptive purposes only
Back to article page

Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

Contact us