Table 5 SoE grading: higher vs. lower milk intake by outcome^a

Cognitive function

1 [31]

2 [32, 33]

Inadequate

Only 1 RCT was rated as having a moderate ROB; Cohort studies were rated as having a moderate to high ROB

Cognitive decline/impairments

n/a

3 [34,35,36]

Inadequate

No RCT; Cohort studies were rated as having a moderate to high ROB. Large heterogeneity in the meta-analysis.

All-cause dementia

n/a

1 [38]

Inadequate

Only 1 cohort study that was rated as having a low ROB

Alzheimer’s disease

n/a

2 [37, 38]

Inadequate

Cohort studies that were rated as having a low to moderate ROB showed inconsistent findings

Vascular dementia

n/a

2 [37, 38]

Inadequate

Two cohort studies that were rated as having a low to moderate ROB showed inconsistent findings