Table 3 Results of the prospective cohort studies^a

Kesse-Guyot, 2016 [32]

Working memory

Forward and backward digit span tests and log-transformed TMT score

NA

NA

Total dairy products

Low

<  191.6 g/d

mean difference

ref

ref

ref

0.33

Medium

191.6–327.2 g/d

mean difference

0.68

−0.16

1.52

High

>  327.2 g/d

mean difference

0.43

−0.43

1.29

Verbal memory

3 tests including two verbal fluency tasks and RI-48 cued recall task

NA

NA

Total dairy products

Low

<  191.6 g/d

mean difference

ref

ref

ref

0.51

Medium

191.6–327.2

mean difference

0.05

−0.78

0.89

High

>  327.2

mean difference

−0.29

−1.15

0.57

Petruski-Ivleva, 2017 [33]

Verbal learning and short-term memory

DWRT z

NA

NA

Milk intake

Almost never

NR

mean difference

ref

ref

ref

NR

<  1 glass/day

NR

mean difference

−0.04

−0.13

0.06

1 glass/day

NR

mean difference

−0.03

−0.14

0.08

>  1 glass/day

NR

mean difference

−0.1

−0.2

0

Executive function

DSST z

NA

NA

Milk intake

Almost never

NR

mean difference

ref

ref

ref

NR

<  1 glass/day

NR

mean difference

−0.04

−0.09

0

1 glass/day

NR

mean difference

−0.07

−0.12

− 0.01

>  1 glass/day

NR

mean difference

−0.09

−0.14

−0.03

Executive function and expressive language

WFT z

NA

NA

Milk intake

Almost never

NR

mean difference

ref

ref

ref

NR

<  1 glass/day

NR

mean difference

−0.04

−0.09

0.02

1 glass/day

NR

mean difference

−0.02

− 0.08

0.05

>  1 glass/day

NR

mean difference

−0.05

−0.11

0.01

Cognition

Global z

NA

NA

Milk intake

Almost never

NR

mean difference

ref

ref

ref

NR

<  1 glass/day

NR

mean difference

−0.05

−0.11

0.02

1 glass/day

NR

mean difference

−0.06

−0.13

0.02

>  1 glass/day

NR

mean difference

−0.1

−0.16

−0.03

Almeida, 2006 [36]

Successful mental health aging

MMSE ≥24 and GDS-15 < 5

144

24.0%

Full-cream milk

Rare

NR

HR

ref

ref

ref

NR

Regularly

NR

HR

0.63

0.45

0.89

Araki, 2017 [35]

Cognitive decline

Decline in MMSE ≥2

33

32.7%

Dairy products

Tertile 1

≤ 133.9

HR

2.8

0.74

10.8

Tertile 2

134–196.9

HR

3.6

0.88

15

Tertile 3

≥ 197

HR

ref

ref

ref

>  0.05

Vercambre, 2009 [34]

Recent cognitive decline

DECO < 33

518

10.9%

Milk and yogurt

Tertile 1

NR

OR

ref

ref

ref

0.182

Tertile 2

NR

OR

1.21

0.97

1.5

Tertile 3

NR

OR

1.17

0.93

1.46

Functional impairment

4-IADL> 0

716

15.0%

Milk and yogurt

Tertile 1

NR

OR

ref

ref

ref

0.799

Tertile 2

NR

OR

1.04

0.85

1.26

Tertile 3

NR

OR

0.97

0.79

1.2

Yamada, 2003 [37]

Vascular Dementia

DSM-IV

38

2.1%

Milk intake

less than twice a week

NR

OR

ref

ref

ref

2–4 times a week

NR

OR

0.418

NR

NR

0.107

daily

NR

OR

0.257

NR

NR

0.002

Alzheimer’s Disease

DSM-IV

51

2.9%

Milk intake

less than twice a week

NR

OR

ref

ref

ref

2–4 times a week

NR

OR

0.741

NR

NR

0.485

daily

NR

OR

0.633

NR

NR

0.145

Vascular Dementia

DSM-IV

38

2.1%

Milk intake

<  4 times a week

NR

OR

ref

ref

ref

0.014

almost daily

NR

OR

0.35

0.14

0.77

Ozawa, 2014 [38]

All-cause dementia

DSM-III

303

28.0%

Milk and Dairy Consumption

Quartile 1

women < 45 g/d; men < 20 g/d

HR

ref

ref

ref

0.09

Quartile 2

women 45–96 g/d; men 20–75 g/d

HR

0.85

0.62

1.18

Quartile 3

women 97–197 g/d; men 76–173 g/d

HR

0.69

0.5

0.96

Quartile 4

women ≥198 g/d; men ≥174 g/d

HR

0.8

0.57

1.11

Alzheimer’s Disease

DSM-III

166

15.4%

Milk and Dairy Consumption

Quartile 1

women < 45 g/d; men < 20 g/d

HR

ref

ref

ref

0.03

Quartile 2

women 45–96 g/d; men 20–75 g/d

HR

0.64

0.41

0.99

Quartile 3

women 97–197 g/d; men 76–173 g/d

HR

0.57

0.37

0.87

Quartile 4

women ≥198 g/d; men ≥174 g/d

HR

0.63

0.41

0.98

Vascular Dementia

DSM-III

98

9.1%

Milk and Dairy Consumption

Quartile 1

women < 45 g/d; men < 20 g/d

HR

ref

ref

ref

0.14

Quartile 2

women 45–96 g/d; men 20–75 g/d

HR

1.02

0.59

1.77

Quartile 3

women 97–197 g/d; men 76–173 g/d

HR

0.74

0.42

1.33

Quartile 4

women ≥198 g/d; men ≥174 g/d

HR

0.69

0.37

1.29