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Table 2 Characteristics of the included cohort studiesa

From: Role of milk and dairy intake in cognitive function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author, Year [Reference]

Cohort name

Country

Follow-Up (years)

Male (%)

Baseline Age (years) (mean)

Health Status

Number of Participants

Exposure

Outcome

Adjustment

Type

Method of Easement

Category

Type

Method of Assessment

Nutrients

Demographics

Medication

Life style

Almeida, 2006 [36], NR

Australia

4.8

100

Impaired cognitive function: 77.3; preserved cognitive function: 77.6

Generally healthy

601

Consumed full-cream milk regularly

Self-reported questionnaire

Dichotomous: Regular vs. Rare

Cognitive function

MMSE, GDS-15

 

X

 

X

Araki, 2017 [35], Follow up for the J-EDIT trial

Japan

6

42.62

NR

Diabetes mellitus

237

Dairy products

Yoshimura et al.’s validated FFQ

Tertiles of dairy intake (g/d):

≤ 133.9, 134–197.9, ≥ 197

Cognitive function

MMSE

 

X

X

 

Kesse-Guyot, 2016 [32], the SU.VI.MAX 2 observational follow-up study

France

5b

52

53.7

Generally healthy

3076

a. Total dairy products;

b. Milk only

24-h dietary records

Tertiles of dairy intake (g/d):

<  191.6, 191.6–327.2, >  327.2

Cognitive function

TMT, RI-48 test

X

X

X

X

Ozawa, 2014 [38], The Hisayama Study

Japan

17

42.3

Q1: 68.6; Q2: 69.8; Q3: 68.9; Q4: 70.4

Generally healthy

1081

Milk and dairy consumption

a 70-item semi quantitative FFQ

Quintiles (g/d):

Male - <  45, 45–96, 97–197, ≥ 198;

Female - < 20, 20–75, 76–173, ≥ 174

All-cause Dementia, AD, VaD

DSM

X

X

X

X

Petruski-Ivleva, 2017 [33], The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort

US

20

44

Milk intake almost never: 56.7; milk intake < 1 glass/day: 57.2; milk intake 1 glass/day: 58.5; milk intake > 1 glass/day: 57.9

Generally healthy

13,752

Milk Intake

FFQ

Almost never,

<  1 glass/day,

1 glass/day,

>  1 glass/day

Cognitive function

DWRT, DSST, WFT

X

X

X

X

Vercambre, 2009 [34], E3N (Etude Epidémiologique auprès de femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale) subcohort

France

13

0

65.5

Generally healthy

4758

Milk and yogurt

an extensive diet history questionnaire covering daily consumption of 208 foods and beverages

Tertiles (no dose for each tertile)

Cognitive decline

DECO score, 4-IADL score

X

X

X

X

Yamada, 2003 [37], Adult Health Study follow-up study

Japan

22b

26.8

NR

Generally healthy

1774

Milk intake

self-administered questionnaire between 1965 and 1968

Daily vs. <  4 times a week

AD, VaD

DSM-IV

X

X

X

X

  1. aAD Alzheimer’s disease, DECO observed cognitive deterioration, DSM the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, DSST the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, DWRT the Delayed Word Recall Test, FFQ Food Frequency Questionnaire, GDS-15 Geriatric Depression Scale 15, IADL instrumental activities of daily living, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, NR not reported, TMT the Delis-Kaplan trail-making test, VaD vascular dementia, WFT the Word Fluency Test
  2. bFollow-up time is calculated based on the first year of cognitive assessment minus the last year of baseline information assessment, since the data are not reported in the original paper