Author, Year [Reference] Cohort name | Country | Follow-Up (years) | Male (%) | Baseline Age (years) (mean) | Health Status | Number of Participants | Exposure | Outcome | Adjustment | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Method of Easement | Category | Type | Method of Assessment | Nutrients | Demographics | Medication | Life style | |||||||
Almeida, 2006 [36], NR | Australia | 4.8 | 100 | Impaired cognitive function: 77.3; preserved cognitive function: 77.6 | Generally healthy | 601 | Consumed full-cream milk regularly | Self-reported questionnaire | Dichotomous: Regular vs. Rare | Cognitive function | MMSE, GDS-15 | Â | X | Â | X |
Araki, 2017 [35], Follow up for the J-EDIT trial | Japan | 6 | 42.62 | NR | Diabetes mellitus | 237 | Dairy products | Yoshimura et al.’s validated FFQ | Tertiles of dairy intake (g/d): ≤ 133.9, 134–197.9, ≥ 197 | Cognitive function | MMSE |  | X | X |  |
Kesse-Guyot, 2016 [32], the SU.VI.MAX 2 observational follow-up study | France | 5b | 52 | 53.7 | Generally healthy | 3076 | a. Total dairy products; b. Milk only | 24-h dietary records | Tertiles of dairy intake (g/d): <  191.6, 191.6–327.2, >  327.2 | Cognitive function | TMT, RI-48 test | X | X | X | X |
Ozawa, 2014 [38], The Hisayama Study | Japan | 17 | 42.3 | Q1: 68.6; Q2: 69.8; Q3: 68.9; Q4: 70.4 | Generally healthy | 1081 | Milk and dairy consumption | a 70-item semi quantitative FFQ | Quintiles (g/d): Male - <  45, 45–96, 97–197, ≥ 198; Female - < 20, 20–75, 76–173, ≥ 174 | All-cause Dementia, AD, VaD | DSM | X | X | X | X |
Petruski-Ivleva, 2017 [33], The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort | US | 20 | 44 | Milk intake almost never: 56.7; milk intake < 1 glass/day: 57.2; milk intake 1 glass/day: 58.5; milk intake > 1 glass/day: 57.9 | Generally healthy | 13,752 | Milk Intake | FFQ | Almost never, <  1 glass/day, 1 glass/day, >  1 glass/day | Cognitive function | DWRT, DSST, WFT | X | X | X | X |
Vercambre, 2009 [34], E3N (Etude Epidémiologique auprès de femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale) subcohort | France | 13 | 0 | 65.5 | Generally healthy | 4758 | Milk and yogurt | an extensive diet history questionnaire covering daily consumption of 208 foods and beverages | Tertiles (no dose for each tertile) | Cognitive decline | DECO score, 4-IADL score | X | X | X | X |
Yamada, 2003 [37], Adult Health Study follow-up study | Japan | 22b | 26.8 | NR | Generally healthy | 1774 | Milk intake | self-administered questionnaire between 1965 and 1968 | Daily vs. <  4 times a week | AD, VaD | DSM-IV | X | X | X | X |