Table 5 Changes in foods taken before dinner/foods for breaking fast and dinner meals in Ramadan among participating pupils in JHS
From: Ramadan fasting alters food patterns, dietary diversity and body weight among Ghanaian adolescents
| Â | Baseline n/N (%) | Midline n/N (%) | Endline n/N (%) | Post Ramadan n/N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Dish variety score of taken before dinner meals/ foods for breaking fast, mean ± SD | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 1.1 ± 0.3 |
Dish variety of foods taken before dinner/foods for breaking fast | ||||
 One dish | 103/112 (92.0) | 99/312 (31.6) | 98/339 (28.9) | 96/106 (90.6) |
 Two or more dishes | 9/112 (8.0) | 214/312 (68.4) | 241 (71.1) | 10/106 (9.4) |
Before dinner meals/ foods at Iftar | ||||
 Dates | 0/112 (0.0) | 187/312 (59.9) | 209/339 (61.4) | 0/106 (0.0) |
 Watermelon | 1/112 (0.9) | 61/312 (19.6) | 97/339 (28.6) | 25/106 (23.6) |
 Mango | 16/112 (14.3) | 62/312 (19.9) | 64/339 (18.9) | 0/106 (23.6) |
 Banana | 3/112 (2.7) | 19/312 (6.1) | 15/339 (4.4) | 1/106 (0.9) |
 Orange | 1/112 (0.9) | 12/312 (3.8) | 6/339 (1.6) | 1/106 (0.9) |
 Other fruits | 3/112 (2.7) | 6/312 (1.9) | 6/339 (1.6) | 1/106 (0.9) |
 Mashed kenkey | 16/112 (14.3) | 169/312 (54.2) | 188/339 (55.5) | 11/106 (10.4) |
 Porridge | 7/112 (6.2) | 58/312 (18.6) | 59/339 (17.4) | 7/106 (6.6) |
 Tea | 1/112 (0.9) | 11/312 (3.5) | 6/339 (1.8) | 3/106 (2.8) |
 Roselle drink (Sobolo) | 13/112 (11.6) | 6/312 (1.9) | 9/339 (2.7) | 7/106 (6.6) |
 Tuo zaafi/ Rice and stew | 26/112 (23.2) | 6/312 (1.9) | 5/339 (1.5) | 19/106 (17.9) |
 Other foods | 36/112 (32.1) | 49/312 (15.7) | 30/339 (8.8) | 36/106 (34.0) |
Dish variety score of dinner meals, mean ± SD | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.1 |
Dish variety at dinner | ||||
 One dish | 340/340 (100) | 317/349 (90.8) | 313/352 (88.9) | 330/336 (98.2) |
 Two or more dishes | 0/340 (0.0) | 32/349 (9.2) | 39/352 (11.1) | 6/336 (1.8) |
Dinner meals | ||||
 Rice and stew | 57/340 (16.8) | 128/349 (36.7) | 123/352 (34.9) | 47/336 (14.0) |
 Rice and beans | 17/340 (5.0) | 48/349 (13.8) | 60/352 (17.0) | 27/336 (8.0) |
 Tuo zaafi and soup | 216/340 (63.5) | 125/349 (35.8) | 121/352 (34.4) | 216/336 (64.3) |
 Banku and soup/stew | 16/340 (4.7) | 27/349 (7.7) | 28/352 (8.0) | 23/336 (6.8) |
 Fufu with soup | 0/340 (0.0) | 4/349 (1.1) | 4/352 (1.1) | 4/336 (1.2) |
 Fruits | 0/340 (0.0) | 5/349 (1.4) | 3/352 (0.9) | 0/336 (0.0) |
 Other foods | 27/340 (7.9) | 45/349 (12.9) | 41/352 (11.6) | 24/336 (7.1) |
Foods after dinner | ||||
 Fruits | 31/61 (50.8) | 29/78 (37.2) | 11/45 (24.4) | 10/41 (24.4) |