Table 4 Changes in breakfast/dawn and lunch meals in Ramadan among participating pupils in JHS
From: Ramadan fasting alters food patterns, dietary diversity and body weight among Ghanaian adolescents
| Â | Baseline n/N (%) | Midline n/N (%) | Endline n/N (%) | Post Ramadan n/N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Dish variety score of breakfast/dawn meals, mean ± SD | 1.0 ± 0.13 | 1.5 ± 0.51 | 1.5 ± 0.52 | 1.0 ± 0.14 |
Dish variety at breakfast/dawn | ||||
 One dish | 341/347 (98.3) | 196/361 (54.3) | 181/357 (50.7) | 352/359 (98.1) |
 Two or more dishes | 6/347 (1.7) | 165/361 (45.7) | 176/357 (49.3) | 7/359 (1.9) |
Breakfast/dawn meals | ||||
 Tea/tea and bread | 128/347 (36.9) | 223/361 (61.8) | 202/357 (56.6) | 163/359 (45.4) |
 Porridge (with kose/groundnut/bread) | 124/347 (35.7) | 11/361 (3.0) | 11/357 (3.1) | 119/359 (33.1) |
 Rice and stew (plain rice/jollof/fried rice/riceballs) | 20/347 (5.8) | 71/361 (19.7) | 97/357 (27.2) | 20/359 (5.6) |
 Rice and beans with stew | 20/347 (5.8) | 31/361 (8.6) | 43/357 (12.0) | 14/359 (3.9) |
 Tuo zaafi with soup | 5/347 (1.4) | 107/361 (29.6) | 92/357 (25.8) | 8/359 (2.2) |
 Banku with soup | 2/347 (0.6) | 20/361 (3.8) | 16/357 (4.5) | 2/359 (0.6) |
 Cocoa drink with bread | 25/347 (7.2) | 27/361 (7.5) | 18/357 (5.0) | 18/359 (5.0) |
 Fufu with soup | 0/347 (0.0) | 7/361 (1.9) | 2/357 (0.6) | 0/359 (0) |
 Fruits | 0/347 (0.0) | 2/361 (0.6) | 1/357 (0.3) | 0/359 (0) |
 Other foods | 26/347 (7.5) | 30/361 (8.3) | 19/357 (5.3) | 20/359 (5.6) |
Dish variety score of lunch meals, mean ± SD | 1.0 ± 0.15 | 1.2 ± 0.38 | 1.1 ± 0.29 | 1.01 ± 0.11 |
Dish variety at lunch | ||||
 One dish | 326/334 (97.6) | 11/13 (84.6) | 11/12 (92) | 334/338 (98.8) |
 Two or more dishes | 8/334 (2.4) | 2/13 (15.4) | 1/12 (8) | 4/338 (1.2) |
Lunch meals | ||||
 Rice and stew (plain rice/jollof/fried rice/riceballs) | 108/334 (32.3) | 6/13 (46.2) | 3/12 (25) | 92/338 (27.2) |
 Rice and beans with stew | 71/334 (21.3) | 0/13 (0) | 3/12 (25) | 103/338 (30.5) |
 Tuo zaafi with soup | 69/334 (20.7) | 2/13 (15.4) | 5/12 (42) | 58/338 (17.2) |
 Banku with soup | 16/334 (4.8) | 1/13 (7.7) | 0/12 (0) | 12/338 (3.6) |
 Kenkey with stew | 11/334 (3.3) | 0/13 (0) | 0/12 (0) | 10/338 (3.0) |
 Yam meal (Wasawasa) | 14/334 (4.2) | 0/13 (0) | 0/12 (0) | 9/338 (2.7) |
 Fufu with soup (pounded yams and/cassava) | 4/334 (1.2) | 0/13 (0) | 0/12 (0) | 0/338 (0) |
 Fruits | 1/334 (0.3) | 0/13 (0) | 0/12 (0) | 0/338 (0) |
 Other foods | 46/334 (13.8) | 4/13 (30.8) | 1/12 (8.3) | 56/338 (16.6) |