Fig. 1

Selection process of study population in the BIGCS. ^# There are 2800 participants who did not attend our study clinic in their 24–27 gestational weeks and did not finish the Q2 questionnaire. However, these participants remained in the BIGCS cohort. We excluded them in the current analyses, as dietary information collected in Q2 was the key variable. ^$ A weekly intake frequency of less than 32 was considered as the ‘implausible dietary intake’ data