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Table 5 Reported daily nutrient intakes and modeled nutrient intakes if eggs were consumed as the main dish at each eating occasion among participants in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), 2001–2014 (n = 4020)

From: Nutrient intake disparities in the US: modeling the effect of food substitutions

Nutrient

Reported daily intakeb,c

Modeled daily intakea

Eggs consumed as main dish at breakfast

Eggs consumed as main dish at lunch

Eggs consumed as main dish at dinner

 

Percent not meeting recommendations (95% CI)d

Saturated fatty acidse

58.9

(55.5–62.2)

61.9

(58.5–65.3)

40.1

(36.8–43.4)***

63.5

(60.2–66.8)

Vitamin Af

66.4

(62.8–70.0)

70.1

(66.7–73.6)

62.5

(58.8–66.3)

59.4

(55.7–63.1)**

Vitamin C

60.3

(57.4–55.3)

61.4

(58.6–64.2)

60.0

(57.3–62.7)

60.4

(57.6–63.1)

Vitamin D

96.0

(95.8–96.2)

97.0

(96.8–97.2)**

96.0

(95.8–96.2)

95.0

(94.8–95.2)**

Vitamin E

95.1

(94.1–96.1)

95.6

(94.7–96.5)

94.6

(93.5–95.6)

94.3

(93.2–95.4)

Thiamin

11.6

(10.2–13.0)

12.3

(10.9–13.8)

11.1

(9.6–12.5)

10.1

(8.7–11.4)

Riboflavin

12.0

(10.6–13.5)

12.6

(11.1–14.1)

11.4

(9.9–12.8)

10.1

(8.7–11.4)

Niacin

9.6

(8.2–10.9)

10.6

(9.2–12.0)

10.1

(8.7–11.4)

9.5

(8.1–10.9)

Vitamin B6

23.8

(21.9–25.8)

28.3

(26.1–30.4)**

24.6

(22.6–26.5)

27.1

(25.0–29.1)

Folateg

35.7

(33.2–38.1)

43.4

(41.0–45.8)**

36.0

(33.5–38.6)

34.4

(31.8–36.9)

Vitamin B12

12.3

(10.7–13.9)

13.0

(11.3–14.6)

12.1

(10.5–13.8)

10.6

(9.1–12.1)

Calcium

55.5

(52.7–58.2)

55.61

(52.8–58.4)

55.18

(52.5–57.9)

54.2

(51.5–56.9)

Iron

17.2

(15.4–19)

18.71

(16.9–20.5)

17.44

(15.6–19.3)

16.5

(14.7–18.3)

Magnesium

85.8

(84.1–87.6)

87.1

(85.4–88.9)

74.1

(71.6–76.6)***

86.4

(84.7–88.0)

Sodiumh

76.5

(74.5–78.5)

76.2

(74.2–78.2)

75.2

(73.2–77.3)

76.1

(74.1–78.2)

Zinc

52.4

(49.7–55.2)

56.5

(53.7–59.2)

53.5

(50.8–56.3)

52.6

(49.9–55.2)

 

Mean intake (95% CI)

Energy (kcal)

2192

(2144–2239)

2173

(2125–2220)

2183

(2135–2230)

2183

(2136–2231)

Protein, total (g)

81

(80–83)

81

(80–83)

81

(79–82)

84

(80–88)

Carbohydrate, total (g)

270

(263–277)

281

(266–296)

273

(266–280)

272

(265–279)

Fatty acids, total (g)

81

(79–83)

82

(80–84)

82

(80–84)

79

(77–81)

Fiber (g)

13

(12–13)

12

(12–13)

13

(12–14)

13

(12–13)

Eicosapentaenoic acid (g)

0.02

(0.02–0.02)

0.02

(0.02–0.02)

0.02

(0.02–0.02)

0.021

(0.02–0.02)

Docosahexaenoic acid (g)

0.06

(0.06–0.06)

0.06

(0.05–0.06)

0.06

(0.06–0.07)

0.071

(0.07–0.08)

α-linolenic acid (g)

1.35

(1.31–1.4)

1.36

(1.32–1.41)

1.35

(1.31–1.4)

1.35

(1.3–1.39)

Vitamin K (μg)

72

(68–76)

72

(69–76)

72

(68–76)

71

(68–75)

Choline (mg)

294

(285–302)

304

(296–313)

322

(312–331)***

351

(340–361)***

Potassium (mg)

2586

(2555–2618)

2569

(2539–2599)

2566

(2536–2596)

2561

(2530–2592)

α-carotene (μg)

246

(218–274)

227

(204–250)

226

(157–295)

214

(124–305)

β-carotene (μg)

1231

(1133–1329)

1234

(1139–1329)

1241

(1142–1339)

1213

(1120–1306)

β-cryptoxanthin (μg)

78

(73–83)

72

(68–77)

75

(70–79)

76

(71–81)

Lutein and zeaxanthin (μg)

931

(875–987)

925

(871–979)

986

(928–1044)

1053

(995–1111)**

Lycopene (μg)

6184

(5627–6742)

6386

(5811–6961)

6833

(6206–7461)

6274

(5693–6855)

  1. All estimates adjusted for age, gender, race-ethnicity, education, marital status, household size, health insurance, BMI, income-to-poverty ratio, and whether the dietary recall was on a weekday or weekend
  2. aModeled daily nutrient intake if eggs were consumed as the main dish at each eating occasion
  3. bMean, 2001–2014
  4. cReferent
  5. dDaily nutrient recommendations are Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) unless otherwise specified. National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary reference intakes: The essential guide to nutrient requirements. Jennifer J. Otten, Jennifer Pitzi Hellwig, Linda D. Meyers (eds.). National Academies Press, Washington, DC
  6. eLess than 10% of total energy. US Department of Health and Human Services & US Department of Agriculture. 2015–2020. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–2020. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at: http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/ (verified 29 March 2016)
  7. fRetinol Activity Equivalent (RAE)
  8. fDietary Folate Equivalent (DFE)
  9. jTolerable upper intake level limit. National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary reference intakes: The essential guide to nutrient requirements. Jennifer J. Otten, Jennifer Pitzi Hellwig, Linda D. Meyers (eds.). National Academies Press, Washington, DC
  10. *Different than food insecure non-participants at P < 0.017 (Bonferroni adjusted for multiple comparisons)
  11. **Different than food insecure non-participants at P < 0.003 (Bonferroni adjusted for multiple comparisons)
  12. ***Different than food insecure non-participants at P < 0.0003 (Bonferroni adjusted for multiple comparisons)
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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