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Table 3 Reported daily nutrient intakes and modeled nutrient intakes if eggs were consumed as the main dish at each eating occasion among food insecure non-participants, 2001–2014 (n = 3631)

From: Nutrient intake disparities in the US: modeling the effect of food substitutions

Nutrient

Reported daily intake2,3

Modeled daily intakea

Eggs consumed as main dish at breakfast

Eggs consumed as main dish at lunch

Eggs consumed as main dish at dinner

 

Percent not meeting recommendations (95% CI)d

Saturated fatty acidse

55.3

(52.1–58.5)

57.4

(54.0–60.7)

44.2

(41.0–47.4)***

59.2

(56.1–62.4)

Vitamin Af

67.5

(64.7–70.2)

70.0

(67.4–72.7)

63.3

(60.5–66.2)

61.3

(58.1–64.4)**

Vitamin C

58.7

(55.9–61.4)

59.2

(56.5–61.9)

58.8

(56.0–61.5)

58.9

(56.3–61.6)

Vitamin D

98.0

(97.8–98.2)

98.0

(97.8–98.2)

94.0

(93.8–94.2)**

94.0

(93.8–94.2)**

Vitamin E

94.9

(93.9–95.8)

95.4

(94.4–96.3)

94.1

(93.0–95.1)

94.0

(92.9–95.0)

Thiamin

12.0

(10.5–13.6)

12.3

(10.7–13.8)

11.5

(10.0–13.0)

10.7

(9.2–12.2)

Riboflavin

12.5

(10.9–14.0)

12.8

(11.2–14.3)

11.9

(10.3–13.4)

11.0

(9.5–12.5)

Niacin

10.2

(8.8–11.6)

10.7

(9.3–12.1)

10.6

(9.1–12.1)

10.2

(8.8–11.6)

Vitamin B6

22.6

(20.5–24.6)

24.6

(22.6–26.7)

22.7

(20.8–24.7)

24.8

(22.8–26.8)

Folateg

30.9

(28.4–33.5)

34.8

(32.1–37.5)

31.0

(28.5–33.6)

29.9

(27.4–32.4)

Vitamin B12

13.6

(12.0–15.3)

13.8

(12.1–15.5)

13.4

(11.8–15.0)

12.0

(10.5–13.5)

Calcium

54.7

(52.0–57.4)

55.1

(52.4–57.9)

55.3

(52.6–58.0)

53.6

(50.8–56.3)

Iron

15.7

(14.1–17.4)

15.7

(14.1–17.3)

15.7

(14.1–17.4)

15.3

(13.7–17.0)

Magnesium

83.1

(81.3–84.9)

84.2

(82.4–85.9)

71.8

(69.4–74.2)***

83.7

(82.0–85.4)

Sodium8

78.7

(76.9–80.5)

78.5

(76.7–80.2)

77.8

(76.0–79.6)

78.5

(76.7–80.3)

Zinc

47.0

(44.7–49.3)

49.7

(47.3–52.0)

48.0

(45.8–50.3)

47.1

(44.8–49.4)

 

Mean intake (95% CI)

Energy (kcal)

2171

(2119–2224)

2157

(2104–2210)

2162

(2110–2215)

2167

(2114–2220)

Protein, total (g)

81

(79–83)

80

(78–83)

79

(76–81)

75

(73–78)**

Carbohydrate, total (g)

267

(260–274)

262

(255–269)

267

(260–274)

270

(263–277)

Fatty acids, total (g)

81

(78–83)

81

(78–83)

79

(76–81)

78

(76–81)

Fiber (g)

14

(13–14)

14

(13–14)

14

(13–14)

14

(13–14)

Eicosapentaenoic acid (g)

0.02

(0.02–0.02)

0.02

(0.02–0.02)

0.02

(0.02–0.02)

0.02

(0.02–0.02)

Docosahexaenoic acid (g)

0.07

(0.06–0.08)

0.07

(0.06–0.07)

0.07

(0.07–0.08)

0.08

(0.07–0.08)

α-linolenic acid (g)

1.40

(1.35–1.44)

1.40

(1.35–1.44)

1.38

(1.34–1.43)

1.40

(1.35–1.44)

Vitamin K (μg)

76

(72–79)

76

(72–79)

76

(72–79)

75

(72–79)

Choline (mg)

291

(282–300)

302

(292–312)

324

(314–335)***

346

(334–358)***

Potassium (mg)

2586

(2555–2618)

2569

(2539–2599)

2566

(2536–2596)

2561

(2530–2592)

α-carotene (μg)

320

(292–349)

282

(260–304)

283

(198–368)

268

(156–379)

β-carotene (μg)

1417

(1331–1504)

1418

(1333–1504)

1411

(1326–1496)

1389

(1306–1472)

β-cryptoxanthin (μg)

84

(78–90)

77

(72–82)

82

(76–87)

80

(75–85)

Lutein and zeaxanthin (μg)

998

(938–1058)

996

(936–1055)

1064

(1004–1125)

1110

(1046–1175)

Lycopene (μg)

7514

(6764–8264)

7403

(6717–8088)

7775

(7005–8546)

7578

(6818–8338)

  1. All estimates adjusted for age, gender, race-ethnicity, education, marital status, household size, health insurance, BMI, income-to-poverty ratio, and whether the dietary recall was on a weekday or weekend
  2. aModeled daily nutrient intake if eggs were consumed as the main dish at each eating occasion
  3. bMean, 2001–2014
  4. cReferent
  5. dDaily nutrient recommendations are Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) unless otherwise specified. National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary reference intakes: The essential guide to nutrient requirements. Jennifer J. Otten, Jennifer Pitzi Hellwig, Linda D. Meyers (eds.). National Academies Press, Washington, DC
  6. eLess than 10% of total energy. US Department of Health and Human Services & US Department of Agriculture. 2015–2020. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–2020. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at: http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/ (verified 29 March 2016)
  7. fRetinol Activity Equivalent (RAE)
  8. gDietary Folate Equivalent (DFE)
  9. hTolerable upper intake level limit. National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary reference intakes: The essential guide to nutrient requirements. Jennifer J. Otten, Jennifer Pitzi Hellwig, Linda D. Meyers (eds.). National Academies Press, Washington, DC
  10. *Different than food insecure non-participants at P < 0.017 (Bonferroni adjusted for multiple comparisons)
  11. **Different than food insecure non-participants at P < 0.003 (Bonferroni adjusted for multiple comparisons)
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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