From: Nutrient intake disparities in the US: modeling the effect of food substitutions
Characteristic | n | Food insecure, non-participants (n = 3631) | WIC participants (n = 636) | SNAP participants (n = 4020) | Food secure, non-participants (n = 26,454) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | % (95% CI)a | ||||||||
Age (y) | 34,741 | 41.5 | (40.5–42.4) | 26.3 | (25.6–26.9) | 42.9 | (42.1–43.7) | 48.0 | (47.5–48.5) | |
Female | 34,741 | 50.0 | (47.8–51.4) | 100.0 | (NA) | 59.0 | (57.1–60.9) | 50.7 | (50.1–51.3) | |
Race-ethnicity | 29,696 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 Non-Hispanic white |  | 56.9 | (52.0–61.6) | 43.0 | (35.4–50.8) | 56.7 | (50.7–62.4) | 82.7 | (80.7–84.6) | |
 Non-Hispanic black |  | 20.3 | (17.5–23.5) | 28.3 | (22.6–34.9) | 30.6 | (26.3–25.4) | 10.0 | (8.8–11.3) | |
 Mexican American |  | 22.8 | (19.3–26.8) | 28.7 | (22.8–35.4) | 12.7 | (9.7–16.4) | 7.3 | (6.1–8.6) | |
Education | 34,704 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 Less than high school |  | 33.9 | (31.1–36.7) | 34.0 | (28.8–40.0) | 39.5 | (37.0–42.1) | 13.6 | (12.6–14.7) | |
 High school or equivalent |  | 27.0 | (24.8–29.2) | 34.1 | (26.7–36.5) | 28.4 | (26.1–31.0) | 22.9 | (21.8–24.0) | |
 Some college |  | 31.4 | (28.8–34.2) | 29.0 | (24.2–34.2) | 27.1 | (25.1–29.1) | 31.8 | (30.8–32.7) | |
 College graduate |  | 7.7 | (6.4–9.3) | 5.6 | (3.7–8.5) | 5.0 | (3.9–6.3) | 31.7 | (30.1–33.4) | |
Marital status | 34,723 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 Single, never married |  | 25.0 | (22.3–27.9) | 26.6 | (21.6–32.1) | 29.5 | (26.8–32.4) | 16.7 | (15.5–18.0) | |
 Married or living with partner |  | 50.5 | (47.6–53.4) | 67.8 | (61.9–73.2) | 39.7 | (37.1–42.5) | 65.9 | (64.6–67.1) | |
 Widowed, divorced, or separated |  | 24.5 | (22.4–26.8) | 5.7 | (3.5–9.0) | 30.7 | (28.3–33.2) | 17.4 | (16.7–18.1) | |
Household size (n) | 34,741 | 3.3 | (3.2–3.4) | 4.3 | (4.2–4.5) | 3.6 | (3.46–3.78) | 2.9 | (2.8–2.9) | |
Health insuranceb | 34,620 | 58.0 | (55.3–60.6) | 74.6 | (69.0–79.4) | 67.3 | (64.7–70.0) | 84.9 | (83.9–85.8) | |
Weight status | 34,066 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 Underweight |  | 2.6 | (1.9–3.5) | 0.9 | (0.3–2.5) | 2.7 | (2.1–3.6) | 1.5 | (1.3–1.7) | |
 Normal weight |  | 28.5 | (26.2–31.0) | 22.9 | (18.3–28.2) | 25.5 | (23.5–27.6) | 31.2 | (30.2–32.2) | |
 Overweight |  | 30.0 | (27.7–32.4) | 32.2 | (26.7–38.3) | 27.7 | (25.7–29.8) | 34.6 | (33.6–35.6) | |
 Obese |  | 38.9 | (36.4–41.5) | 44.0 | (38.6–49.7) | 44.1 | (41.3–46.8) | 32.7 | (31.6–33.8) | |
Income-to-poverty ratio | 32,247 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 Less than or equal to 0.50 |  | 11.3 | (9.5–13.3) | 19.9 | (15.2–25.5) | 21.1 | (18.9–23.5) | 2.3 | (1.9–2.7) | |
 0.51 to 1.00 |  | 22.0 | (19.6–24.6) | 30.9 | (26.2–36.1) | 40.3 | (37.0–43.7) | 5.1 | (4.7–5.6) | |
 1.01 to 1.30 |  | 19.9 | (17.4–22.5) | 13.7 | (10.3–18.1) | 13.8 | (12.5–15.3) | 5.4 | (4.9–6.0) | |
  > 1.30 |  | 46.9 | (43.9–50.0) | 35.5 | (30.0–41.4) | 24.7 | (21.7–28.1) | 87.2 | (86.2–88.1) |