Table 1 General characteristics of study subjects
n | Mean ± SD | Range | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Pregnant women | ||||
Age, y | 1326 | 30.2 ± 3.7 | 18–45 | |
Height, cm | 1300 | 161.2 ± 4.8 | 146–180 | |
Weight, kg | ||||
Pre-pregnancy | 1316 | 55.3 ± 8.5 | 39–94 | |
Pregnancy | 1258 | 59.6 ± 9.3 | 37–117 | |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||
Pre-pregnancy | 1292 | 21.3 ± 3.1 | 15.8–42.8 | |
Pregnancy | 1248 | 22.9 ± 3.4 | 15.8–43.5 | |
Parity | 1138 | |||
Primigravida, n(%) | 638(56.1) | |||
Multigravida, n(%) | 500(43.9) | |||
Education, n(%) | 1276 | |||
≤ High school | 342(26.8) | |||
≤ University | 852(66.8) | |||
≥ Graduate school | 82(6.4) | |||
Family monthly income(USD), n(%) | 1253 | |||
< 2000 | 339(27.1) | |||
2000 ≤ and < 4000 | 675(53.9) | |||
≥ 4000 | 239(19.1) | |||
Supplement user, n(%) | 1405 | 799(56.9) | ||
Cigarette smoker, current, n(%) | 1315 | 12(0.9) | ||
Secondhand smoking exposer, n(%) | 1237 | 179(14.5) | ||
Urinary cotinine, μg/g creatinine | 1323 | 45.3 ± 312.1 | 0–5882 | |
Alcohol drinker, current, n(%) | 1237 | 67(5.4) | ||
Daily dietary intake | 1407 | |||
Energy, kcal/day | 1760.4 ± 494.9 | |||
Fat, g/day | 46.2 ± 23.7 | |||
Neonates | ||||
Gestational age at delivery, days | 1262 | 274.8 ± 10.3 | 191–294 | |
Birth weight, g | 1291 | 3262.5 ± 427.0 | 500–4650 | |
Birth length, cm | 1201 | 50.5 ± 2.5 | 26–38.5 | |
Gender | 1296 | |||
Boys, n(%) | 674(52.0) | |||
Girls, n(%) | 622(48.0) | |||