Table 1 Demographics and baseline characteristics of the study participants
Group A (n = 36) | Group B (n = 36) | Group C (n = 36) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 57 (10) | 61 (10) | 61 (9) | 0.14 |
Sex (male) | 36% | 44% | 47% | 0.62 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 11 (10) | 11 (6) | 11 (6) | 0.98 |
Number of diabetes medications | 1.6 (0.8) | 1.9 (0.9) | 2.0 (1.1) | 0.16 |
Race | ||||
Asian | 0% | 3% | 6% | 0.77 |
Black | 47% | 19% | 19% | < 0.05 |
Hispanic | 6% | 3% | 8% | 0.87 |
Non-Hispanic white | 47% | 69% | 58% | 0.18 |
Other/Unreported | 0% | 6% | 8% | 0.37 |
HbA1c (%) | 8.15 (1.02) | 8.17 (1.21) | 7.99 (0.91) | 0.44 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 10.1 (3.9) | 9.8 (3.2) | 8.7 (1.9) | 0.14 |
Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 133 (88) | 151 (108) | 150 (110) | 0.69 |
HOMA-IR | 9.5 (10.1) | 9.4 (7.2) | 8.9 (8.6) | 0.95 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.09 (1.10) | 4.45 (1.27) | 4.08 (1.21) | 0.38 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.43 (0.95) | 2.47 (1.06) | 1.95 (0.67) | < 0.05 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.18 (0.28) | 1.13 (0.23) | 1.20 (0.33) | 0.51 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.72 (0.76) | 1.89 (1.10) | 1.79 (1.00) | 0.77 |
Albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) | 2.89 (3.54) | 2.66 (3.87) | 3.97 (10.58) | 0.69 |
hsCRP (nmol/L) | 53.8 (91.9) | 41.0 (63.3) | 37.2 (34.7) | 0.55 |
Body weight (kg) | 101.2 (20.7) | 105.4 (25.3) | 97.5 (16.3) | 0.29 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 35.4 (7.1) | 36.4 (9.4) | 33.9 (6.1) | 0.36 |
Body fat (%) | 41.2 (10.0) | 42.5 (8.5) | 39.9 (9.3) | 0.52 |
Visceral fat (arbitrary units) | 16.2 (5.8) | 18.2 (7.1) | 16.9 (5.0) | 0.44 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 117.1 (13.2) | 121.9 (17.3) | 117.1 (12.3) | 0.11 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 120.7 (15.9) | 124.8 (20.3) | 118.2 (11.2) | 0.18 |
Wait/hip ratio | 0.97 (0.07) | 0.98 (0.07) | 0.99 (0.08) | 0.82 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 134 (15) | 131 (18) | 132 (14) | 0.65 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72 (10) | 72 (8) | 71 (9) | 0.8 |
Daily caloric intake (kcal) | 1944 (699) | 1943 (623) | 1993 (813) | 0.95 |
Carbohydrate intake (g) | 216.9 (94.7) | 206.6 (81.7) | 223.3 (89.0) | 0.73 |
Total fat intake (g) | 85.1 (37.8) | 88.2 (32.9) | 82.8 (39.8) | 0.83 |
Saturated fat intake (g) | 27.7 (12.3) | 28.0 (14.6) | 27.4 (16.0) | 0.98 |
Protein intake (g) | 82.6 (22.4) | 84.3 (24.9) | 90.9 (32.5) | 0.4 |
Fiber intake (g) | 16.4 (5.4) | 19.6 (6.0) | 19.0 (6.6) | 0.07 |