Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants

Ethnicity

Chinese

Chinese

Chinese

Chinese

Chinese

Chinese

BMI (kg/m²)

23.25 ± 3.48

22.83 ± 3.27

22.62 ± 3.88

22.89 ± 3.47

24.88 ± 3.57

22.62 ± 3.34

Age (years)

66.14 ± 7.83

65.98 ± 7.78

48.48 ± 11.42

46.76 ± 10.36

61.89 ± 7.09

61.74 ± 7.14

Gender (male %)

389 (65.49%)

699 (65.33%)

268 (23.41%)

605 (63.75%)

974 (48.60%)

964 (46.91%)

Calories (kcal/day)

1642.12 ± 600.70

1638.09 ± 561.71

1853.89 ± 761.45

2115.58 ± 839.03

1638.43 ± 591.61

1585.10 ± 547.15

%Protein^a

15.02 ± 2.51

15.09 ± 2.50

15.08 ± 2.02

14.80 ± 1.95

15.33 ± 2.48

15.25 ± 2.48

%Fat^a

24.86 ± 5.80

24.90 ± 5.56

28.30 ± 5.70

28.63 ± 5.63

25.56 ± 5.60

25.52 ± 5.51

%SFA^a

8.75 ± 2.50

8.73 ± 2.55

10.58 ± 2.62

10.77 ± 2.67

9.00 ± 2.51

8.93 ± 2.53

%MFA^a

8.49 ± 2.13

8.41 ± 2.07

9.87 ± 2.63

10.01 ± 2.57

8.61 ± 2.04

8.56 ± 2.04

%PFA^a

4.98 ± 1.82

5.13 ± 1.85

6.04 ± 2.52

5.97 ± 2.44

5.24 ± 2.01

5.32 ± 1.94

%Carbohydrate^a

59.38 ± 7.57

59.14 ± 7.23

56.40 ± 6.57

56.17 ± 6.59

58.55 ± 7.27

58.76 ± 7.18

%Starch^a

42.90 ± 9.42

42.10 ± 9.25

35.90 ± 7.48

36.55 ± 7.92

41.25 ± 9.21

40.99 ± 9.22

Fiber (g/day)

12.86 ± 5.43

13.19 ± 5.75

19.77 ± 8.50

21.92 ± 9.29

13.31 ± 5.92

13.24 ± 5.66

Cholesterol (mg/day)

184.69 ± 114.18

184.35 ± 116.00

225.94 ± 139.26

260.61 ± 150.56

186.39 ± 110.02

174.26 ± 101.23

AHEI-2010

49.45 ± 7.45

50.67 ± 7.47

51.14 ± 8.16

51.46 ± 8.15

50.09 ± 7.36

51.03 ± 7.54

wGRS

66.68 ± 5.13

66.69 ± 5.26

66.57 ± 5.02

66.53 ± 5.12

67.68 ± 4.95

67.17 ± 5.08

 Unprocessed (servings/day)

0.28 ± 0.22

0.26 ± 0.21

0.44 ± 0.45

0.54 ± 0.57

0.27 ± 0.21

0.25 ± 0.19

 Processed (servings/day)

0.06 ± 0.10

0.06 ± 0.10

0.12 ± 0.25

0.14 ± 0.24

0.07 ± 0.12

0.06 ± 0.12

 Total (servings/day)

0.35 ± 0.27

0.32 ± 0.25

0.56 ± 0.57

0.68 ± 0.66

0.34 ± 0.28

0.31 ± 0.26

 Egg yolk (grams/day)

4.74 ± 5.28

4.68 ± 5.49

10.69 ± 8.08

12.47 ± 8.61

4.60 ± 4.75

4.21 ± 4.37