Greenhouse gas emissions of self-selected diets in the UK and their association with diet quality: is energy under-reporting a problem?

Table 1 Characteristics of participants ^a

	All (n = 3502) ^b		Plausible reporters (n = 1895)		Under-reporters (n = 1578)
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	P ^c
Age (years)	47.6	17.7	49.9	18.4	45.0	16.2	< 0.0001
Sex (% male)	49.2		44.3		55.3		< 0.0001
Ethnicity (% white)	89.4		90.0		88.4		0.13
Socioeconomic classification (%)							< 0.0001
Higher and managerial occupation	44.3		46.9		41.4
Intermediate occupation	19.7		20.4		18.7
Routine and manual occupation	31.7		27.9		36.1
Other	4.4		4.8		3.9
Smoking status (%)							< 0.0001
Current	21.5		17.9		24.9
Former	23.9		23.6		24.6
Never	54.7		58.5		50.5
Physical activity (%)							< 0.0001
Sedentary	39.1		50.4		25.0
Low active	19.4		21.9		16.8
Active	19.6		16.9		23.1
Very active	21.8		10.7		35.1
BMI (kg/m²)	27.4	5.4	26.4	4.9	28.6	5.6	< 0.0001
EI (kJ/d)	7653	2375	8611	2119	6410	1847	< 0.0001
EER (kJ/d)	10,699	2673	9788	2340	11,821	2803	< 0.0001
EI:EER	0.74	0.23	0.89	0.14	0.55	0.11	< 0.0001
Diet-related GHGE (kg CO₂eq/d)	5.7	2.1	6.3	2.1	5.0	1.8	< 0.0001
HDI	2.3	1.1	2.2	1.2	2.4	1.1	< 0.0001
MDS	4.5	1.7	4.6	1.7	4.3	1.7	< 0.0001
DASH score	24.3	5.2	23.9	5.2	24.7	5.2	< 0.0001

BMI body mass index, CO₂eq carbon dioxide equivalents, DASH Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, EER estimated energy requirement, EI energy intake, GHGE greenhouse gas emissions, HDI healthy diet indicator, MDS Mediterranean diet score
^aPlausible reporters were defined as participants with an EI:EER 0.70–1.43; under-reporters were defined as participants with an EI:EER < 0.70
^b Including over-reporters (n = 29), defined as participants with an EI:EER > 1.43
^c P values for differences between plausible reporters and under-reporters based on the independent t test for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables

ISSN: 1475-2891