Dietary quality linkage to overall competence at school and emotional disturbance in representative Taiwanese young adolescents: dependence on gender, parental characteristics and personal behaviors

Lin-Yuan Huang; Mark L. Wahlqvist; Meei-Shyuan Lee; Po-Huang Chiang

doi:10.1186/s12937-018-0333-2

Table 4 Socio-demographic, behavioral, nutritional and pubertal β-coefficients from MLRs^a with R-square for SAED sub-items^b in girls

From: Dietary quality linkage to overall competence at school and emotional disturbance in representative Taiwanese young adolescents: dependence on gender, parental characteristics and personal behaviors

Characteristics	SAED Z-score
Characteristics	IL	RP	IB	UD	PF	SM	ED	SAED total
YHEI-TW	−0.05***	−0.05***	−0.03	− 0.07***	−0.06**	− 0.004	−0.06***	− 0.06***
Mother’s education (Ref: Low)
High (University and above)	−0.19	0.14	0.45	0.15	0.88	0.17	0.26	0.26
Household income (Ref: 0–30,000 NTD/month)^c
30,000–50,000 NTD/month	0.12	−0.51	−0.41	−0.66	− 0.91	0.06	− 0.44	−0.42
50,000–80,000 NTD/month	−0.59	− 0.92	−0.69*	− 0.91	−1.09	−0.33	− 0.97**	−0.95**
> 80,000 NTD/month	0.01	0.02	−0.27	−0.35	− 0.59	−0.17	− 0.24	−0.24
Ever smoking (Ref: No)
Yes	1.62**	0.45	1.96**	1.38	1.13	1.16	1.78*	1.78*
Read during weekdays (Ref: 0–1 h/day)
1–3 h/day	−0.32	0.36	− 0.39	0.34	− 0.12	−0.07	− 0.13	−0.13
≥ 3 h/day	−1.35**	−0.44	− 0.73*	−0.17	− 0.20	−0.38*	− 0.91*	−0.90*
Watch TV during weekdays (Ref: 0–1 h/day)
1–3 h/day	0.19	−0.38	0.25	−0.17	− 0.40	0.16	− 0.02	−0.01
≥ 3 h/day	0.33	−0.08	−0.20	0.01	−0.56	0.04	−0.03	− 0.03
Play computer games during weekdays (Ref: 0–1 h/day)
1–3 h/day	0.21	0.10	0.02	0.12	0.13	−0.16	0.15	0.14
≥ 3 h/day	0.96	1.19	1.66	0.92	0.81	0.10	1.40	1.35
Moderate or heavy physical activity (Ref: 0–30 min/day)
≥ 30 min/day	−0.49	−0.54	−0.84	0.18	−0.49	− 0.46	−0.59	− 0.60
BMI (Ref: Normal weight)
Underweight	0.61	−0.31	0.24	0.61	0.32	0.33	0.43	0.44
Overweight	0.78	0.44	0.15	0.68	−0.14	0.27	0.54	0.54
Obesity	0.38	1.21	0.43	0.62	0.34	0.01	0.67	0.65
Menarche (Girls only) (Ref: No)
Yes	−0.23	0.50	0.63	0.85	1.20**	0.34*	0.55	0.55
R² with YHEI-TW	0.207	0.122	0.173	0.152	0.143	0.079	0.207	0.206
R² without YHEI-TW	0.167	0.094	0.160	0.092	0.091	0.078	0.150	0.150

^aMLRs, Multiple Linear Regressions
^bThe Scale for Assessing Emotional Disturbance (SAED) sub-items including Inability to learn (IL), Relationship problems (RP), Inappropriate behavior (IB), Unhappiness or depression (UD), Physical symptoms or fears (PF), Socially maladjusted (SM), and Emotional Disturbance (ED)
^c1 US dollars = 30 NTD
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001

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