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Table 1 Socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics* of the Indian Migration Study participants by different geographical regions (N = 7067)

From: Association between empirically derived dietary patterns with blood lipids, fasting blood glucose and blood pressure in adults - the India migration study

%/ mean(SD)

Lucknow N = 2000

Nagpur N = 1640

Hyderabad N = 1995

Bangalore N = 1432

Total N = 7067

Age (years)

43.8(8.5)

29.5(6.4)

44.7(9.1)

43.9(8.6)

40.8(10.3)

Gender

 Male

61.5

62.9

52.8

56.3

58.3

 Female

38.5

37.0

47.2

43.7

41.6

Illiterate

7.0

2.0

19.7

5.2

9.0

Standard of living indexa

22.7(6.4)

17.8(5.2)

19.2(6.9)

20.0(5.8)

20.0(6.4)

Migrant Status

 Rural

28.6

28.9

33.6

27.3

29.8

 Migrants

28.6

29.0

33.6

27.4

29.8

 Urban

41.0

28.9

19.2

43.1

32.3

Smoking

 Never

86.7

92.0

84.3

86.3

87.2

 Former

1.8

1.5

2.8

3.2

2.3

 Current

11.4

6.4

12.8

10.4

10.4

Tobacco Chewing

 Never

80.7

69.3

90.5

95.2

83.8

 Former

2.6

1.7

1.9

2.2

2.1

 Current

16.6

28.9

7.5

2.5

14.0

Alcohol

 Never

86.5

88.5

64.8

87.1

80.7

 Former

2.6

2.3

4.4

2.7

3.1

 Current

10.8

9.2

31.6

10.1

16.1

Diabetes b

 No

86.7

97.4

88.7

86.8

89.8

 Yes

13.3

1.6

11.1

12.5

9.8

Hypertensionb

 No

70.6

93.8

66.5

72.8

75.2

 Yes

29.4

5.9

33.4

27.0

24.6

Systolic blood pressure mm/Hg

123.4 (17.2)

113.8 (11.7)

127.3 (18.9)

123.1 (17.3)

122.2 (17.4)

Diastolic blood pressure mm/Hg

77.3 (10.7)

73.0 (8.7)

81.6 (11.3)

79.2 (10.9)

77.9 (10.9)

Physical activity METSc hr./week

38.7(4.0)

40.2(5.0)

37.9(4.7)

38.7(4.3)

38.8(4.6)

BMId kg/m2

24.4(4.4)

20.9(3.3)

24.6(4.4)

25.0(4.3)

23.8(4.5)

Dietary patterns in tertiles

Cereal-savoury foods pattern

 T1

89.6

33.1

0.9

0.07

33.3

 T2

9.4

57.9

49.1

16.6

33.3

 T3

0.9

8.9

49.9

83.3

33.3

Fruits-vegetables-sweets-snacks pattern

 T1

20.3

17.2

53.1

42.2

33.3

 T2

41.2

34.3

26.3

30.9

33.3

 T3

38.4

48.3

20.5

26.8

33.3

Animal food pattern (fish-red meat-egg-poultry)

 T1

51.4

39.7

15.4

25.7

33.3

 T2

34.9

33.0

34.8

29.4

33.3

 T3

13.7

27.2

49.7

44.9

33.3

Biomarker levels [mean (±SD)]

 Fasting blood glucose mmol/l

5.7 (1.8)

4.8 (0.9)

5.1 (0.8)

5.5 (1.7)

5.3 (1.4)

 Total cholesterol mmol/l

4.7 (1.1)

4.4 (1.1)

4.8 (1.1)

4.9 (1.1)

4.7 (1.1)

 Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol mmol/l

2.8 (0.9)

2.7 (0.9)

2.9 (1.0)

3.1 (0.9)

2.9 (0.9)

 High-density lipoprotein cholesterol mmol/l

1.2 (0.2)

1.1 (0.2)

1.1 (0.2)

1.1 (0.2)

1.2 (0.2)

 Triglycerides mmol/l

1.5 (0.8)

1.3 (0.6)

1.5 (0.8)

1.5 (0.9)

1.5 (0.8)

  1. *p-values for difference in means or proportions are from ANOVA for continuous data and Chi-square test of significance for categorical data (we found a p < 0.0001 for all comparisons between the regions)
  2. aStandard of Living Index (SLI) distribution is 1–36 (Median 23, IQR =17–27)
  3. bHypertension included doctor-diagnosed disease and/or a systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg or a diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg at the time of the interview. Diabetes included doctor-diagnosed disease and/or a fasting plasma glucose criterion of > 7.0 mmol/l [33]
  4. cMETS Metabolic Equivalent Tasks
  5. dBMI Body Mass Index