Early feeding of larger volumes of formula milk is associated with greater body weight or overweight in later infancy

Table 3 Adjusted mean changes in WLZs and BAZs of infants^a

Feeding groups/Age interval	WLZ change^b (n = 1054)	P values	BAZ change^c (n = 1054)	P values
BM,mo
Birth─3	0.84(0.75,0.94)		0.84(0.75,0.93)
3─6	0.12(0.05,0.20)		−0.01(−0.09,0.06)
6─12	−0.19(−0.27,-0.12)		−0.16(−0.23,-0.08)
LFM,mo
Birth─3	0.79(0.66,0.91)	0.833	0.76(0.64,0.88)	0.753
3─6	0.26(0.16,0.35)*	0.016	0.12(0.03,0.21)*	0.013
6─12	−0.04(−0.13,0.06)*	0.018	−0.02(−0.12,0.08)	0.056
HFM,mo
Birth─3	0.77(0.56,0.99)	0.833	0.80(0.60,1.00)	0.753
3─6	0.30(0.14,0.47)*	0.023	0.15(−0.01,0.31)*	0.033
6─12	0.00(−0.17,0.16)*	0.048	−0.02(−0.19,0.15)	0.056

^aValues are means with 95% CIs in parentheses. Analyses were performed with the use of linear mixed-effect modeling and adjusted for infant sex, infant birth weight, cesarean, introduction of solid foods, illness episodes, pre-pregnancy BMI and weight gain during pregnancy, and WLZ or BAZ at birth. BM, no formula milk; LFM, <840 ml formula milk/d; HFM, ≥840 ml formula milk/d; WLZ, weight-for-length z-scores; BAZ, BMI-for-age z score. *Significantly different from BM at the same time interval determined by one-way ANOVA (P < 0.05). ^bSignificant 2-way interaction: feeding practices 3 × age; P = 0.002. ^cTwo-way interaction: feeding practices 3 × age; P = 0.017

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