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Table 1 Background characteristics of the participants
| Placebo (n = 32) | Low-dose lecithin (n = 30) | High-dose lecithin (n = 27) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 51.2 ± 5.2 | 50.3 ± 5.8 | 49.3 ± 4.8 | 0.423a |
| Menopausal status, n (%) | ||||
| Premenopausal | 7 (21.9) | 10 (33.3) | 14 (51.9) | 0.222b |
| Perimenopausal | 7 (21.9) | 5 (16.7) | 2 (7.4) | |
| Postmenopausal | 17 (53.1) | 13 (43.3) | 11 (40.7) | |
| Surgically induced menopause | 1 (3.1) | 2 (6.7) | 0 (0) | |
| Questionnaire | ||||
| MHR-QOL physical symptom score | 21.2 ± 3.5 | 21.9 ± 2.9 | 20.6 ± 3.2 | 0.406c |
| MHR-QOL psychological symptom score | 27.1 ± 8.0 | 29.7 ± 6.7 | 30.0 ± 5.5 | 0.328c |
| HADS-anxiety subscale score | 5.8 ± 2.9 | 5.3 ± 3.3 | 4.9 ± 2.7 | 0.549c |
| HADS-depression subscale score | 5.5 ± 3.7 | 4.8 ± 3.7 | 4.7 ± 3.1 | 0.679c |
| AIS score | 5.0 ± 3.0 | 4.0 ± 2.9 | 4.1 ± 2.6 | 0.443c |
| Chalder Fatigue Scale | 18.7 ± 8.3 | 17.1 ± 5.3 | 17.6 ± 6.6 | 0.628c |
| Brief Fatigue Inventory | 2.7 ± 1.9 | 3.0 ± 1.7 | 3.0 ± 2.0 | 0.575c |
| POMS-tension | 6.1 ± 4.9 | 5.5 ± 4.3 | 4.3 ± 3.1 | 0.461c |
| POMS-depression | 3.9 ± 3.9 | 2.5 ± 3.1 | 2.5 ± 2.6 | 0.217c |
| POMS-anger | 5.1 ± 4.2 | 3.7 ± 3.1 | 2.8 ± 2.5 | 0.104c |
| POMS-vigor | 7.7 ± 4.1 | 7.2 ± 3.6 | 6.1 ± 3.5 | 0.179c |
| POMS-fatigue | 6.8 ± 4.4 | 7.8 ± 4.3 | 6.4 ± 3.6 | 0.727c |
| POMS-confusion | 5.0 ± 2.8 | 4.8 ± 2.4 | 3.8 ± 2.2 | 0.323c |
| Body composition | ||||
| Height, cm | 157.6 ± 4.6 | 158.4 ± 5.1 | 158.0 ± 3.8 | 0.817a |
| Weight, kg | 52.8 ± 7.5 | 52.6 ± 6.0 | 58.3 ± 11.1 | 0.018a |
| Body mass index, kg/cm2 | 21.2 ± 2.8 | 21.0 ± 2.5 | 23.3 ± 4.0 | 0.012a |
| Body fat mass, kg | 14.0 ± 5.1 | 13.7 ± 4.4 | 18.5 ± 8.5 | 0.008a |
| Fat free mass, kg | 36.5 ± 2.8 | 36.6 ± 2.2 | 37.6 ± 2.8 | 0.222a |
| Waist:hip ratio, % | 80.6 ± 6.1 | 81.7 ± 4.8 | 83.4 ± 6.2 | 0.191a |
| Body temperature, °C | 36.3 ± 0.33 | 36.4 ± 0.42 | 36.3 ± 0.41 | 0.701a |
| Cardiovascular parameters | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 122.7 ± 15.7 | 119.3 ± 16.1 | 119.9 ± 13.6 | 0.668a |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 69.2 ± 12.1 | 67.8 ± 13.6 | 68.7 ± 13.6 | 0.919a |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 77.2 ± 8.0 | 76.9 ± 12.7 | 80.1 ± 12.4 | 0.504a |
| Cardio-ankle vascular index | 7.19 ± 0.79 | 7.24 ± 0.79 | 7.14 ± 0.78 | 0.967a |
| Actigraphy | ||||
| Active ZC (/min) | 156.6 ± 26.2 | 148.0 ± 31.8 | 149.0 ± 34.0 | 0.506a |
| Sleep ZC (/min) | 4.3 ± 1.1 | 4.3 ± 1.8 | 4.7 ± 1.7 | 0.606a |
| Active METs | 1.6 ± 0.15 | 1.5 ± 0.14 | 1.6 ± 0.21 | 0.674a |
| Sleep METs | 1.1 ± 0.015 | 1.1 ± 0.015 | 1.1 ± 0.019 | 0.580a |
| Sleep time (min/day) | 372.1 ± 70.6 | 371.4 ± 60,6 | 367.8 ± 54.8 | 0.687a |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 97.2 ± 1.4 | 97.4 ± 1.7 | 97.5 ± 1.8 | 0.719a |
| Episodes of nocturnal awakening (>1 min) (/day) | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 0.676a |
| Lifestyle factors, % | ||||
| Exercising regularly | 50.0 | 46.7 | 51.9 | 0.923b |
| Smoking | 6.25 | 10.0 | 7.4 | 0.856b |
| Drinking alcohol (daily / by chance / not at all) | 15.6 / 68.8 / 15.6 | 20.0 / 63.3 / 16.7 | 29.6 / 59.3 / 11.1 | 0.749b |
