Table 3 General characteristics of the 653 Ghanaian participants by tertiles of exploratory dietary patterns in 653 urban Ghanaians
From: Serum phospholipid fatty acids, dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes among urban Ghanaians
Characteristics | “purchase” pattern score | “traditional” pattern score | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | p for trend | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | p for trend | |
N | 218 | 217 | 218 | 219 | 213 | 221 | ||
Age (years) | 54.9 ± 13.2 | 47.7 ± 13.1 | 36.8 ± 14.0 | <.0001 | 42.7 ± 16.4 | 47.3 ± 14.7 | 49.4 ± 14.2 | <.0001 |
Sex (% male) | 24.3 | 21.2 | 26.2 | 0.47 | 20.1 | 22.5 | 28.6 | 0.10 |
Diabetes family history (% yes) | 24.3 | 25.4 | 26.2 | 0.91 | 29.7 | 23.0 | 23.2 | 0.19 |
Lipid-lowering drugs (% yes) | 4.13 | 1.38 | 0 | 0.005 | 3.65 | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.05 |
Prevalence of Hypertension | 155 | 108 | 70 | <.0001 | 88 | 123 | 122 | 0.0004 |
SES sum score | 5.47 ± 2.58 | 7.20 ± 2.17 | 7.92 ± 1.59 | <.0001 | 7.29 ± 2.23 | 6.75 ± 2.41 | 6.55 ± 2.45 | 0.002 |
Smoking (% current or quit) | 6.9 | 2.8 | 3.7 | 0.09 | 3.6 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 0.77 |
Daily energy intake (kcal/d) | 1934 ± 641 | 1898 ± 649 | 1902 ± 682 | 0.65 | 1756 ± 651 | 1883 ± 604 | 2097 ± 668 | <.0001 |
Daily energy expenditure (kcal/d) | 1342 (1104) | 1289 (766) | 1198 (632) | 0.005 | 1237 (769) | 1299 (716) | 1267 (867) | 0.67 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 25.6 ± 5.22 | 26.6 ± 5.66 | 25.2 ± 5.09 | 0.23 | 25.6 ± 5.58 | 26.0 ± 5.28 | 25.8 ± 5.22 | 0.81 |
Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.88 (0.10) | 0.87 (0.08) | 0.83 (0.11) | <.0001 | 0.85 (0.12) | 0.87 (0.11) | 0.87 (0.08) | 0.0012 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 4.58 ± 0.70 | 4.57 ± 0.72 | 4.52 ± 0.71 | 0.39 | 4.51 ± 0.71 | 4.63 ± 0.77 | 4.52 ± 0.64 | 0.87 |
Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.30 (0.91) | 1.20 (0.64) | 1.06 (0.63) | 0.0001 | 1.07 (0.71) | 1.21 (0.71) | 1.24 (0.79) | 0.06 |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.36 ± 0.43 | 1.42 ± 0.37 | 1.41 ± 0.37 | 0.19 | 1.41 ± 0.39 | 1.38 ± 0.39 | 1.40 ± 0.39 | 0.60 |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.19 (1.63) | 3.97 (1.70) | 3.87 (1.79) | 0.10 | 3.97 (1.81) | 3.96 (1.66) | 4.11 (1.64) | 0.99 |