| Traditional Japanese |  | Westernized |  | Meat and fat |  | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Q1 | Â | Q2 | Â | Q3 | Â | Q4 | Â | Â | Q1 | Â | Q2 | Â | Q3 | Â | Q4 | Â | Â | Q1 | Â | Q2 | Â | Q3 | Â | Q4 | Â | Â |
N | 894 | Â | 1059 | Â | 1224 | Â | 1509 | Â | Â | 1696 | Â | 1125 | Â | 908 | Â | 957 | Â | Â | 947 | Â | 1015 | Â | 1185 | Â | 1539 | Â | Â |
/day | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | p for trend | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | p for trend | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | p for trend |
Energy (kcal) | 1954 | 411 | 2039 | 409 | 2117 | 403 | 2333 | 381 | <0.001 | 2189 | 425 | 2080 | 427 | 2082 | 414 | 2166 | 416 | <0.001 | 2000 | 393 | 2042 | 400 | 2109 | 401 | 2308 | 422 | <0.001 |
Protein (g) | 62.2 | 16.8 | 70.5 | 16.5 | 76.9 | 18.0 | 89.6 | 20.1 | <0.001 | 77.6 | 22.1 | 75.3 | 20.8 | 75.3 | 19.8 | 78.2 | 18.9 | 0.001 | 73.4 | 21.5 | 73.2 | 19.6 | 75.3 | 20.3 | 82.2 | 20.3 | <0.001 |
Fat (%energy) | 24.9 | 7.6 | 23.8 | 6.9 | 23.2 | 6.8 | 22.6 | 6.6 | <0.001 | 21.9 | 6.8 | 23.3 | 6.9 | 24.3 | 6.8 | 25.7 | 6.6 | <0.001 | 19.6 | 6.3 | 22.0 | 6.3 | 23.9 | 6.2 | 26.5 | 6.9 | <0.001 |
ω-3 fatty acids (g) | 1.8 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 2.6 | 1.6 | 3.1 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 2.7 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 2.3 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 1.4 | <0.001 |
ω-6 fatty acids (g) | 9.2 | 4.3 | 9.5 | 4.2 | 9.8 | 4.3 | 10.9 | 4.7 | <0.001 | 10.0 | 4.5 | 9.7 | 4.4 | 9.8 | 4.2 | 10.4 | 4.7 | 0.003 | 7.6 | 3.8 | 8.6 | 3.4 | 9.8 | 3.8 | 12.3 | 4.8 | <0.001 |
Carbohydrates (%energy) | 62.3 | 8.5 | 62.2 | 8.0 | 62.1 | 7.9 | 62.0 | 7.6 | 0.782 | 63.9 | 8.0 | 62.2 | 7.9 | 61.2 | 7.7 | 59.8 | 7.3 | <0.001 | 65.7 | 7.8 | 63.6 | 7.4 | 61.8 | 7.2 | 59.2 | 7.8 | <0.001 |
Dietary fiber (g) | 10.5 | 3.7 | 13.3 | 4.1 | 15.8 | 4.6 | 21.7 | 7.0 | <0.001 | 14.5 | 5.9 | 15.8 | 6.5 | 16.9 | 6.7 | 18.6 | 7.6 | <0.001 | 16.7 | 7.6 | 15.8 | 6.3 | 16.0 | 6.7 | 16.0 | 6.5 | 0.019 |
Vitamin A (μgRAE) | 386 | 520 | 485 | 638 | 540 | 633 | 730 | 832 | <0.001 | 502 | 708 | 582 | 705 | 575 | 682 | 621 | 682 | 0.000 | 513 | 425 | 549 | 557 | 594 | 800 | 569 | 821 | 0.055 |
Vitamin D (μg) | 4.8 | 6.6 | 7.0 | 7.8 | 9.2 | 9.0 | 12.1 | 11.1 | <0.001 | 9.7 | 10.3 | 8.8 | 9.6 | 8.4 | 9.2 | 7.5 | 7.9 | <0.001 | 11.5 | 10.9 | 9.8 | 10.1 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 6.8 | 7.8 | <0.001 |
Vitamin B1 (mg) | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.7 | <0.001 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.8 | <0.001 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.7 | <0.001 |
VitaminB2 (mg) | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 0.7 | <0.001 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 0.8 | <0.001 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 0.165 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 1.1 | <0.001 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.071 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 0.011 |
Vitamin B12 (μg) | 4.6 | 5.3 | 6.4 | 7.9 | 7.6 | 7.3 | 9.8 | 8.9 | <0.001 | 8.1 | 8.7 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 7.1 | 7.7 | 6.8 | 7.2 | 0.000 | 9.3 | 8.5 | 7.9 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 7.1 | 6.5 | 8.2 | <0.001 |
Folate (μg) | 208 | 91 | 275 | 138 | 325 | 117 | 438 | 165 | <0.001 | 317 | 176 | 322 | 149 | 334 | 152 | 348 | 148 | <0.001 | 350 | 171 | 325 | 140 | 320 | 144 | 322 | 176 | <0.001 |
VitaminC (mg) | 58.9 | 56.7 | 82.9 | 56.4 | 106.0 | 63.5 | 154.6 | 99.4 | <0.001 | 91.2 | 63.6 | 102.5 | 74.1 | 116.2 | 83.0 | 133.7 | 110.6 | <0.001 | 130.0 | 102.6 | 110.0 | 77.8 | 103.1 | 79.5 | 95.2 | 71.4 | <0.001 |
Sodium (mg) | 3482 | 1319 | 4021 | 1304 | 4553 | 1377 | 5568 | 1693 | <0.001 | 4579 | 1677 | 4496 | 1687 | 4467 | 1560 | 4668 | 1674 | 0.032 | 4257 | 1618 | 4389 | 1602 | 4471 | 1535 | 4914 | 1746 | <0.001 |
Potassium (mg) | 1689 | 519 | 2124 | 495 | 2494 | 543 | 3303 | 837 | <0.001 | 2338 | 810 | 2460 | 830 | 2615 | 912 | 2811 | 934 | <0.001 | 2639 | 1012 | 2465 | 846 | 2476 | 859 | 2509 | 822 | <0.001 |
Calcium (mg) | 363 | 191 | 460 | 217 | 535 | 213 | 664 | 248 | <0.001 | 450 | 213 | 512 | 229 | 571 | 249 | 638 | 273 | <0.001 | 574 | 275 | 538 | 242 | 516 | 249 | 499 | 227 | <0.001 |
Iron (mg) | 5.9 | 1.9 | 7.4 | 2.1 | 8.5 | 2.1 | 10.9 | 3.0 | <0.001 | 8.5 | 3.0 | 8.5 | 3.0 | 8.5 | 3.1 | 8.7 | 3.0 | 0.511 | 8.7 | 3.1 | 8.3 | 3.1 | 8.4 | 3.0 | 8.7 | 2.9 | 0.004 |
Women | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
N | 1589 | Â | 1715 | Â | 1747 | Â | 1628 | Â | Â | 999 | Â | 1715 | Â | 1932 | Â | 2033 | Â | Â | 2116 | Â | 1923 | Â | 1595 | Â | 1045 | Â | Â |
Energy (kcal) | 1542 | 320 | 1640 | 316 | 1744 | 309 | 1905 | 298 | <0.001 | 1724 | 342 | 1661 | 339 | 1685 | 340 | 1764 | 325 | <0.001 | 1637 | 335 | 1673 | 325 | 1738 | 328 | 1875 | 319 | <0.001 |
Protein (g) | 52.7 | 13.8 | 60.3 | 14.4 | 66.8 | 15.0 | 76.8 | 16.2 | <0.001 | 63.7 | 17.3 | 63.1 | 18.1 | 63.8 | 17.0 | 65.9 | 16.6 | <0.001 | 62.2 | 17.8 | 62.5 | 16.5 | 65.2 | 16.6 | 70.0 | 17.1 | <0.001 |
Fat (%energy) | 27.1 | 7.5 | 25.8 | 7.2 | 25.1 | 6.9 | 24.3 | 6.6 | <0.001 | 23.1 | 6.9 | 24.5 | 7.1 | 26.1 | 7.1 | 27.2 | 6.9 | <0.001 | 22.2 | 6.6 | 25.2 | 6.4 | 27.6 | 6.6 | 29.7 | 6.9 | <0.001 |
ω-3 fatty acids (g) | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 2.6 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 1.3 | <0.001 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 1.2 | <0.001 |
ω-6 fatty acids (g) | 7.7 | 3.5 | 8.0 | 3.6 | 8.8 | 3.9 | 9.7 | 4.2 | <0.001 | 8.7 | 3.9 | 8.2 | 3.8 | 8.5 | 4.0 | 8.8 | 3.9 | <0.001 | 7.1 | 3.5 | 8.1 | 3.4 | 9.3 | 3.7 | 11.3 | 4.2 | <0.001 |
Carbohydrates (%energy) | 59.2 | 8.4 | 59.4 | 8.1 | 59.4 | 7.9 | 59.5 | 7.6 | 0.706 | 62.1 | 8.1 | 60.3 | 8.2 | 58.8 | 7.9 | 57.9 | 7.5 | <0.001 | 62.6 | 7.8 | 59.8 | 7.4 | 57.3 | 7.5 | 55.3 | 7.7 | <0.001 |
Dietary fiber (g) | 10.3 | 3.3 | 13.4 | 3.9 | 16.4 | 4.3 | 21.7 | 6.2 | <0.001 | 13.3 | 5.2 | 14.8 | 6.1 | 15.6 | 6.1 | 17.1 | 6.2 | <0.001 | 15.7 | 6.4 | 15.2 | 6.0 | 15.3 | 5.9 | 15.7 | 6.3 | 0.025 |
Vitamin A (μgRAE) | 362 | 335 | 472 | 396 | 586 | 686 | 714 | 596 | <0.001 | 471 | 773 | 521 | 533 | 537 | 430 | 575 | 501 | <0.001 | 513 | 417 | 543 | 528 | 548 | 579 | 542 | 705 | 0.165 |
Vitamin D (μg) | 4.5 | 6.2 | 6.8 | 7.7 | 8.2 | 8.1 | 10.6 | 9.4 | <0.001 | 7.8 | 8.3 | 8.0 | 8.7 | 7.6 | 8.2 | 7.0 | 7.8 | 0.001 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 7.5 | 8.1 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 5.7 | 6.7 | <0.001 |
Vitamin B1 (mg) | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.5 | <0.001 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.5 | <0.001 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.6 | <0.001 |
VitaminB2 (mg) | 0.9 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 0.5 | <0.001 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.6 | <0.001 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 0.6 | <0.001 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 0.6 | <0.001 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.012 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 0.7 | <0.001 |
Vitamin B12 (μg) | 3.8 | 4.3 | 5.5 | 5.7 | 6.4 | 6.2 | 7.9 | 6.5 | <0.001 | 6.5 | 7.1 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.5 | <0.001 | 7.1 | 6.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 5.5 | <0.001 |
Folate (μg) | 200 | 70 | 273 | 89 | 331 | 109 | 431 | 130 | <0.001 | 288 | 129 | 302 | 134 | 311 | 128 | 324 | 133 | <0.001 | 327 | 136 | 302 | 126 | 301 | 129 | 299 | 134 | <0.001 |
VitaminC (mg) | 64.3 | 50.0 | 95.9 | 58.6 | 121.9 | 69.2 | 167.6 | 90.3 | <0.001 | 89.6 | 58.2 | 105.6 | 73.1 | 113.2 | 77.4 | 129.5 | 87.1 | <0.001 | 131.6 | 89.5 | 109.2 | 74.1 | 100.4 | 66.1 | 99.4 | 69.9 | <0.001 |
Sodium (mg) | 2949 | 1016 | 3512 | 1072 | 4076 | 1144 | 4978 | 1413 | <0.001 | 3967 | 1420 | 3824 | 1389 | 3816 | 1372 | 3955 | 1367 | 0.001 | 3653 | 1327 | 3810 | 1372 | 3957 | 1348 | 4372 | 1441 | <0.001 |
Potassium (mg) | 1596 | 450 | 2080 | 487 | 2493 | 531 | 3204 | 756 | <0.001 | 2054 | 687 | 2241 | 794 | 2375 | 811 | 2554 | 826 | <0.001 | 2425 | 854 | 2300 | 797 | 2300 | 769 | 2349 | 805 | <0.001 |
Calcium (mg) | 359 | 177 | 462 | 203 | 556 | 212 | 672 | 238 | <0.001 | 401 | 180 | 466 | 230 | 529 | 232 | 594 | 245 | <0.001 | 552 | 257 | 507 | 229 | 495 | 230 | 473 | 215 | <0.001 |
Iron (mg) | 5.4 | 1.5 | 6.9 | 2.1 | 8.2 | 2.0 | 10.2 | 2.7 | <0.001 | 7.5 | 2.5 | 7.7 | 2.9 | 7.7 | 2.7 | 7.8 | 2.7 | 0.115 | 7.8 | 3.0 | 7.5 | 2.6 | 7.7 | 2.7 | 7.9 | 2.6 | 0.001 |