Source | Age at baseline (year) | Men (%) | Duration of follow-up (year) | No. of participants /events | Exposure categories | Exposure assessment | Outcome and its assessment | Adjusted variables | Main results | Study quality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coronary heart diseases | ||||||||||
Gartside et al. (1995) [23], The NHANES Study, USA | 25–74 | NA | 10 | 8251/492 | Baseline serum magnesium level (mEq/L): <1.62; 1.62- < 1.74; ≥1.74. | NA | CHD events were determined by hospital records and death certificates (ICD-9 codes 410–414 for CHD). | Age, gender, quetelet index, exercise, sedimentation rate, dietary iron, maximum weight, cigarette smoking, exercise, riboflavin, and alcohol consumption at baseline. | RR (95% CI):1.00 (Referent);0.96 (0.78, 1.19);0.68 (0.54, 0.87). | 9 |
Liao et al. _female. (1998) [24], The ARIC Study, USA | 45–64 | 0 | 5.2 | 7767/96 | Baseline serum magnesium level (mEq/L): ≤1.5; 1.6; 1.7; 1.8. | Serum magnesium was measured using the metallo-chromic dye calmagite, based on the procedure of Gindler and Heth. | CHD incidence was ascertained by self-report, medical records, and death certificates. Out-of-hospital deaths were confirmed both by the death certificate and an interview with the next of kin and questionnaires completed by the patient’s physicians. | Age, race, field center, waist/hip ratio, smoking status, ethanol drinking, education, sports index, fibrinogen, total and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, diuretic use, hormone replacement, SBP, and diabetes status. | RR (95% CI):1.00 (Referent);1.02 (0.61, 1.71);0.59 (0.30, 1.20);0.55 (0.27, 1.14).Ptrend = 0.047. | 9 |
Liao et al. _male. (1998) [24], The ARIC Study, USA | 45–64 | 100 | 5.2 | 6155/223 | Baseline serum magnesium level (mEq/L): ≤1.5; 1.6; 1.7; 1.8. | Serum magnesium was measured using the metallo-chromic dye calmagite, based on the procedure of Gindler and Heth. | CHD incidence was ascertained by self-report, medical records, and death certificates. Out-of-hospital deaths were confirmed both by the death certificate and an interview with the next of kin and questionnaires completed by the patient’s physicians. | Age, race, field center, waist/hip ratio, smoking status, ethanol drinking, education, sports index, fibrinogen, total and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, diuretic use, SBP, and diabetes status. | RR (95% CI):1.00 (Referent);1.48 (1.03, 2.13);1.08 (0.72, 1.61);0.84 (0.53, 1.31).Ptrend = 0.23. | 9 |
Ford et al. (1999) [25], The NHANES Study, USA | 25–74 | 40.1 | 15.5 | 12,340/2637 | Baseline serum magnesium level (mmol/L): 0.41- < 0.80; 0.80- < 0.84; 0.84- < 0.89; 0.89–1.45. | Atomic absorption spectrophotometry. | IHD events were determined by hospital records (ICD-9-CM codes 410–414).- | Age, gender, race, education, smoking, cholesterol, SBP, antihypertensive medication, self-reported diabetes, BMI, leisure-time and non-leisure time physical activity, and alcohol consumption. | HR (95% CI):1.00 (Referent);0.95 (0.79, 1.14);0.87 (0.73, 1.04);0.92 (0.79, 1.07). | 9 |
Khan et al. (2010) [26], The Framingham offspring Study, USA | 44.3 ± 10.0 | 48.3 | 20 | 3531/554 | Baseline serum magnesium level (mg/dL): 1.40–1.77; 1.77–1.88; 1.88–1.98; 1.98–2.50. | Serum magnesium was measured using standard colorimetric assay. | CVD event was defined as angina pectoris, coronary insufficiency (prolonged angina with documented ECG changes), MI, stroke or transient ischemic attack, heart failure, intermittent claudication, or death secondary to CVD. | Age, sex, BMI, diabetes, SBP, total/HDL cholesterol ratio, smoking, hemoglobin, albumin, and estimated GFR. | HR (95% CI):1.00 (Referent);1.09 (0.86, 1.37);0.88 (0.69, 1.13);0.91 (0.72, 1.17).Ptrend = 0.23.Continuous(↑ 0.15 mg/dL):0.83 (0.49, 1.40). | 9 |
Joosten et al. (2013 a) [27], The PREVEND study, The Netherlands | 28–75 | 49 | 8.1 | 7764/435 | Baseline plasma magnesium level (mmol/L): <0.77; 0.77–0.79; 0.80–0.82; 0.83–0.85; >0.85. | Plasma magnesium was measured by a xylidyl blue method. | Incident IHD was defined as follows: acute myocardial infarction (ICD-10 code I21), hospitalization for other acute ischemic heart disease (ICD-10 code I24), coronary artery bypassing grafting, or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. | Age, sex, BMI, smoking, diabetes, ratio of total to HDL cholesterol, parenteral history of IHD, alcohol intake, plasma levels of sodium, potassium, and calcium. | HR (95% CI):1.06 (0.79, 1.43);0.90 (0.66, 1.22);1.00 (Referent);1.08 (0.80, 1.45);1.07 (0.80, 1.43).Ptrend = 0.59. | 9 |
Hypertension | ||||||||||
Peacock et al. _female. (1999) [28], The ARIC Study, USA | 52.8 (45–64) | 0 | 6 | 4190/822 | Baseline serum magnesium levels in quartiles (mEq/L): 0.7–1.5; 1.6; 1.7; 1.8–2.3. | Serum magnesium was measured using the metallo-chromic dye calmagite, based on the procedure of Gindler and Heth. | Incident hypertension was defined as the new occurrence of SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg, or currently taking antihypertensive medication at the follow up visits. | Age, race, field center, BMI, waist/hip ratio, diabetes, education, family history of hypertension, leisure activity score, hormone replacement therapy, and baseline SBP. | OR (95% CI):1.00 (Referent);0.82 (0.64, 1.05);0.93 (0.73, 1.19);0.76 (0.58, 0.99).Ptrend = 0.11. | 9 |
Peacock et al. _male. (1999) [28], The ARIC Study, USA | 53.5 (45–64) | 100 | 6 | 3541/755 | Baseline serum magnesium levels in quartiles (mEq/L): 0.7–1.5; 1.6; 1.7; 1.8–2.3. | Serum magnesium was measured using the metallo-chromic dye calmagite, based on the procedure of Gindler and Heth. | Incident hypertension was defined as the new occurrence of SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg, or currently taking antihypertensive medication at the follow up visits. | Age, race, field center, BMI, waist/hip ratio, diabetes, education, family history of hypertension, leisure activity score, and baseline SBP. | OR (95% CI):1.00 (Referent);0.91 (0.70, 1.19);0.92 (0.71, 1.19);0.90 (0.68, 1.18).Ptrend = 0.50. | 9 |
Khan et al. (2010) [26], The Framingham offspring Study, USA | 42.5 ± 9.5 | 45.0 | 8 | 2520/551 | Baseline serum magnesium level (mg/dL): 1.40–1.77; 1.77–1.88; 1.88–1.98; 1.98–2.50. | Serum magnesium was measured using standard colorimetric assay. | Incident hypertension was defined as the new occurrence of SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg or currently taking antihypertensive medication, including diuretics. | Age, sex, BMI, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, total/HDL cholesterol ratio, smoking, hemoglobin, albumin, and eGFR. | HR (95% CI):1.00 (Referent);0.97 (0.72, 1.31);0.96 (0.70, 1.32);1.03 (0.75, 1.41).Ptrend = 0.89.Continuous(↑ 0.15 mg/dL):1.03 (0.92, 1.15). | 9 |
Joosten et al. (2013 b) [29], The PREVEND study, The Netherlands | 28–75 | 45.3 | 7.6 | 4625/1021 | Baseline plasma magnesium level (mmol/L): 0.55–0.77; 0.78–0.80; 0.81–0.84; 0.85–1.04. | Plasma magnesium was measured by a xylidyl blue method. | Incident hypertension was defined as the new occurrence of SBP ≥ 140 mmHg, DBP ≥ ≥ 90 mmHg, or initiation of antihypertensive medication. | Age, sex, BMI, smoking, diabetes, parenteral history of hypertension, alcohol intake, study design, and plasma levels of sodium, potassium, and calcium. | HR (95% CI):1.00 (Referent);1.00 (0.84, 1.20);0.92 (0.77, 1.09);0.94 (0.79, 1.12).Continuous(mmol/L):0.94 (0.83, 1.05). | 9 |
Diabetes mellitus | ||||||||||
Kao et al. _black. (1999) [11], The ARIC Study, USA | 53.0 | 36.3 | 5.3 | 2622/367 | Baseline serum magnesium level (mEq/L): 0.50–1.40; 1.50; 1.60; 1.70; 1.80; 1.90–2.60. | Serum magnesium was measured using the metallo-chromic dyecalmagite, based on the procedure of Gindler and Heth. | Diabetes mellitus was defined as the presence of any of the following: 1) fasting glucose levels ≥7.0 mmol/L; 2) non-fasting glucose levels ≥11.1 mmol/L; 3) current use of diabetic medication; 4) a positive response to the question “Has a doctor ever told you that you had diabetes?” Individuals without diabetes at baseline who met any of these conditions at follow-up were considered to have incident cases of diabetes. | Age, gender, education, BMI, family history of diabetes, waist/hip ratio, sports index, alcohol consumption, diuretic use, serum calcium and potassium levels, and fasting insulin and glucose levels at baseline. | OR (95% CI):0.90 (0.48, 1.68);0.82 (0.45, 1.51);1.01 (0.56, 1.83);0.94 (0.51, 1.73);0.94 (0.48, 1.81);1.00 (Referent).Ptrend = 0.71. | 9 |
Kao et al. _white. (1999) [11], The ARIC Study, USA | 54.2 | 46.0 | 5.6 | 9506/739 | Baseline serum magnesium level (mEq/L): 0.50–1.40; 1.50; 1.60; 1.70; 1.80; 1.90–2.60. | Serum magnesium was measured using the metallo-chromic dye calmagite, based on the procedure of Gindler and Heth. | Diabetes mellitus was defined as the presence of any of the following: 1) fasting glucose levels ≥ 7.0 mmol/L; 2) non-fasting glucose levels ≥11.1 mmol/L; 3) current use of diabetic medication; 4) a positive response to the question “Has a doctor ever told you that you had diabetes?” Individuals without diabetes at baseline who met any of these conditions at follow-up were considered to have incident cases of diabetes. | Age, gender, education, BMI, family history of diabetes, waist/hip ratio, sports index, alcohol consumption, diuretic use, serum calcium and potassium levels, and fasting insulin and glucose levels at baseline. | OR (95% CI):1.55 (1.01, 2.37);1.11 (0.76, 1.63);1.05 (0.73, 1.50);1.10 (0.78, 1.57);1.07 (0.74, 1.57);1.00 (Referent).Ptrend = 0.10. | 9 |
Everett et al. (2006) [30], NHANES I, USA | 25–74 | NA | 15.0 | 9784/690 | Baseline serum magnesium level in quartiles (mEq/L): ≤1.60; 1.60–1.68; 1.69–1.77; ≥1.78. | Atomic absorption spectrophotometry | Incident diabetic cases were identified from nursing home and hospital records and death certificates. ICD-9 (250.0–250.9) representing diabetes was used to identify individuals who were admitted to a health care facility. | Age, gender, race, education, exercise, BMI, hypertension, and total cholesterol. | HR (95% CI):1.51 (1.12, 2.03);1.20 (0.88, 1.62);0.99 (0.73, 1.34);1.00 (Referent). | 9 |
Guerrero-Romero et al. (2008) [31], The Mexican Diabetes Prevention study, Mexico | 56.7 ± 11.9 (20–65) | NA | 6.6 | 817/78 | Baseline serum magnesium level in two groups (mmol/L): <0.74; ≥0.74. | Serum magnesium was measured by colorimetric method with the Data Pro Plus Random Access Clinical Analyzer (Arlington, TX, USA). | Diabetes mellitus was defined as the presence of any of the following: 1) 2-h post load serum glucose levels ≥11.1 mmol/L; 2) current use of diabetic medication(hypoglycemic drugs or insulin). | Age, gender, family history of diabetes, waist circumference, and HOMA-IR index. | RR (95% CI):2.54 (1.1, 4.1);1.00 (Referent). | 7 |
Kieboom et al. (2017) [32], The Rotterdam Study, the Netherlands | 64.7 ± 9.7 | 42.2 | 6.7 | 8555/806 | Baseline serum magnesium level in two groups (mmol/L): ≤0.72; >0.72. | Serum magnesium was measured using a colorimetric endpoint method with the Roche/Hitachi Cobas c501 Analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA) | Incident diabetic cases were ascertained from general practioners’ records, hospital discharge letters and glucose measurements. Diabetes was defined as the presence of any of the following: 1) fasting glucose levels ≥ 7.0 mmol/L; 2) non-fasting glucose levels ≥11.1 mmol/L; 3) current use of blood glucose lowering medication. | Age, age2, gender, BMI, smoking status, alcohol use, total cholesterol: HDL-cholesterol ratio, history of hypertension, stroke and CHD, eGFR, serum levels of calcium and potassium, as well as use of diuretics | HR (95% CI):1.79 (1.16, 2.77);1.00 (Referent).Continuous(↓0.1 mmol/L):1.18 (1.04, 1.33). | 9 |