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Table 1 Basic characteristics of 2108 old Japanese women categorized with and without frailtya

From: Diet with a combination of high protein and high total antioxidant capacity is strongly associated with low prevalence of frailty among old Japanese women: a multicenter cross-sectional study

 

Total (n = 2108)

No frailtyb (n = 1627)

Frailtyb (n = 481)

P c

Median, IQR or n (%)

Median, IQR or n (%)

Median, IQR or n (%)

Age, years

74

71

-

78

74

70

-

77

77

74

-

81

<0.0001

Body height, cm

150.0

147.0

-

154.0

150.2

147.7

-

154.0

150.0

145.0

-

153.0

<0.0001

Body weight, kg

51.0

46.0

-

56.0

51.0

46.1

-

56.0

51.0

45.0

-

57.0

0.71

Body mass index, kg/m2

22.5

20.6

-

24.7

22.4

20.5

-

24.4

22.8

20.8

-

25.4

0.02

Residential block, n (%)

0.38

 Hokkaido and Tohoku

193 (9.2)

142 (8.7)

51 (10.6)

 

 Kanto

526 (25.0)

404 (24.8)

122 (25.4)

 

 Hokuriku and Tokai

510 (24.2)

410 (25.2)

100 (20.8)

 

 Kinki

262 (12.4)

199 (12.2)

63 (13.1)

 

 Chugoku and Shikoku

342 (16.2)

265 (16.3)

77 (16.0)

 

 Kyushu

275 (13.1)

207 (12.7)

68 (14.1)

 

Size of residential area, n (%)

0.26

 City with a population ≥1 million

274 (13.0)

204 (12.5)

70 (14.6)

 

 City with a population <1 million

1598 (75.8)

1247 (76.6)

351 (73.0)

 

 Town and village

236 (11.2)

176 (10.8)

60 (12.5)

 

Living alone, n (%)

0.30

 No

1759 (83.4)

1365 (83.9)

394 (81.9)

 

 Yes

349 (16.6)

262 (16.1)

87 (18.1)

 

Marital status, n (%)

<0.0001

 Single

4 (0.2)

3 (0.2)

1 (0.2)

 

 Married

1275 (60.5)

1035 (63.6)

240 (49.9)

 

 Widowed

777 (36.9)

546 (33.6)

231 (48.0)

 

 Separated

52 (2.5)

43 (2.6)

9 (1.9)

 

Education, n (%)

0.04

  ≤ Junior high school and others

977 (46.4)

732 (45.0)

245 (50.9)

 

 High school

933 (44.3)

733 (45.1)

200 (41.6)

 

  ≥ Some college

198 (9.4)

162 (10.0)

36 (7.5)

 

Current smoking, n (%)

0.002

 No

2054 (97.4)

1595 (98.0)

459 (95.4)

 

 Yes

54 (2.6)

32 (2.0)

22 (4.6)

 

Alcohol drinking, n (%)

<0.0001

 No

1695 (80.4)

1278 (78.6)

417 (86.7)

 

 Yes

413 (19.6)

349 (21.5)

64 (13.3)

 

Dietary supplement use, n (%)

0.0002

 No

1475 (70.0)

1106 (68.0)

369 (76.7)

 

 Yes

633 (30.0)

521 (32.0)

112 (23.3)

 

Physical activity, total metabolic equivalents-hours/d

38.1

34.3

-

43.2

39.6

35.9

 

44.1

32.9

30.9

 

36.4

<0.0001

History of chronic diseased, n (%)

<0.0001

 No

1059 (50.2)

864 (53.1)

195 (40.5)

 

 Yes

1049 (49.8)

763 (46.9)

286 (59.5)

 

Depression symptomse, n (%)

<0.0001

 No

1617 (76.7)

1363 (83.8)

254 (52.8)

 

 Yes

491 (23.3)

264 (16.2)

227 (47.2)

 
  1. IQR interquartile range
  2. aValues are medians and interquartile ranges or numbers of subjects (%)
  3. bFrailty score (0–5) was defined as the sum of poor physical function (two points), exhaustion (one point), low physical activity (one point), and unintentional weight loss (one point). A score of ≥3 was classified as indicating frailty
  4. cContinuous values were compared by Mann–Whitney signed-rank test and proportions for categorical values were compared by the chi-square test
  5. dHistory of chronic disease was defined as having any of the following self-reported disease: stroke, myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes, or chronic rheumatism
  6. eDepression symptoms were defined as a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression score ≥16