Table 1 Characteristic of the included studies with regard to magnesium and risk of hypertension
Source | Study | Case/Sample size | Gender, age range (years) | Follow-up (years) | Exposure assessment | Outcome ascertainment | Recruitment time | Hypertension definition (SBP/DBP mmHg) | Adjustments | Study quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Witteman [25] 1989,USA | NHS | 3275/58218 | Female, 34–59 | 4 | Validated 61-item FFQ | Validated self-reported | 1980–1984 | ≥140/90 | Age, Quetelet’s index, energy intake, alcohol use, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and fiber intake. | 7 |
Ascherio [26], 1992,USA | HPFS | 1248/30681 | Male, 40–75 | 4 | Validated 131-item FFQ | Validated self-reported | 1986 | ≥140/90 | Age, Quetelet’s index, alcohol use, magnesium, potassium, fiber, and energy. | 6 |
Ascherio [27], 1996,USA | NHS | 2526/41541 | Female, 38–63 | 4 | Validated 126-item and 61 item FFQ | Validated self-reported | 1984–1988 | ≥140/90 | Age, BMI, alcohol use, and energy. | 7 |
Peacock [28], 1999,USA | ARIC | 1597/7731 | Female/Male, 45–64 | 6 | 61 item FFQ | Self-reported/AHTs treatment | 1987–1989 | ≥140/90 | Age, race, field center,BMI, WHR, diabetes, education, family history of hypertension, leisure activity score, hormone replacement therapy (women),baseline SBP and energy intake. | 7 |
Song [30], 2006,USA | WHS | 8544/28349 | Female, ≥45 | 9.8 | 131-item FFQ | Validated self-reported/AHTs treatment/physician diagnosis | 1992–1993 | ≥140/90 | Age, treatment, family history of MI before 60, exercise, alcohol use, postmenopausal hormone use, multivitamin use, smoking, energy, BMI, history of diabetes, cholesterol, saturated fat intake, glycemic load, sodium intake. | 7 |
He [29] 2006,USA | CARDIA | 932/4637 | Female/Male,18–30 | 15 | Validated FFQ | Self-reported | 1985–1986 | ≥130/85 | Age, gender, race, education, smoking, physical activity, family history of diabetes, alcohol use, BMI, and intake of fiber, polyunsaturated fat, saturated fat, carbohydrates, and energy. | 8 |
Khan [31], 2010, USA | FHS | 551/2520 | Female/Male middle-age | 8 | Standard colorimetrc assay | Physician diagnosis/AHTs treatment | 1979–1982 | ≥140/90 | Age,sex,BMI,diabetes,SBP,total/HDL cholesterol ratio,smoking,hemoglobin, albumin,GFR,calcium,potassium. | 8 |
Joosten [32], 2013, Netherlands | PREVEND | 1172/5511 | Female/Male,28–75 | 7.6 | Roche diagnostics | Self-reported/AHTs treatment | 1997–1998 | ≥140/90 | Age, sex, BMI, smoking, parental history of hypertension, alcohol intake, study design, and plasma levels of sodium, potassium, and calcium. | 8 |
Huitrón [33], 2015, Mexico | HWCS | 274/1378 | Female/Male,20–87 | 7 | Validated 116-item FFQ | Self-reported/physician diagnosis | 2004–2006 | ≥140/90 | Age, sex, time, physical activity, use of postmenopausal hormone, multivitamin use and alcohol, smoking, intake of saturated fat intake, cholesterol, sodium, and energy glycemic load,, history of diabetes, BMI and family history of hypertension. | 7 |