Longitudinal 10-year changes in dietary intake and associations with cardio-metabolic risk factors in the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study

Table 4 Change in body mass index (kg/m²) per percent diet intake increase over a 10-year period based on multivariable regression analysis^a,b

	Women (n = 8,354)		Men (n = 7,641)
	Beta ± SE	P	Beta ± SE	P
Joint model
Whole grain	−0.02 ± 0.03	0.55	−0.13 ± 0.03	0.000
PUFA^c	−0.18 ± 0.07	0.01	−0.07 ± 0.05	0.22
Cholesterol^d	0.39 ± 0.07	0.000	0.14 ± 0.07	0.03
Trans-fatty acids^d	0.55 ± 0.10	0.000	0.29 ± 0.11	0.008
Sucrose	−0.16 ± 0.07	0.02	−0.06 ± 0.04	0.18
Joint model R²	68.7%		72.0%
Joint model R² excluding covariates	1.4%		0.6%
Separate models
Healthy Diet Score	−0.42 ± 0.06	0.000	−0.31 ± 0.05	0.000
Joint model R²	68.7%		72.0%
Joint model R² excluding covariates	0.2%		0.0%
Diet Inflammatory Index	0.000 ± 0.001	0.58	0.000 ± 0.001	0.44
Joint model R²	68.5%		71.9%
Joint model R² excluding covariates	0.0%		0.0%

^aAdjusted for body mass index, year of study participation, age, education, smoking status and physical activity at the beginning of the period
^bAll dietary items expressed as percent change over the 10 year period; sucrose, PUFA, cholesterol and trans-fatty acids calculated as energy percent, and whole grain calculated as gram per 2000 kcal
^c PUFA poly-unsaturated fatty acids
^dJoint model run with either cholesterol or trans-fatty acids separately, because of high collinearity between the two. Results for other items in the model are shown for model run with cholesterol; values were basically identical for model run with trans-fatty acids

ISSN: 1475-2891