Table 3 Odd ratios and 95% confidence intervals of stroke by coffee consumption stratified by age, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking status, and alcohol consumption in the Health Examinees (HEXA) Study
Categories of coffee consumption (cup/day) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
no. of events | None | <1 | 1 to 3 | ≥3 | P for trend | |
Male (n = 50439) | ||||||
aAge (years) | ||||||
65- | 512 | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.60-1.07) | 0.83 (0.64-1.07) | 0.75 (0.56-0.99) | 0.0802 |
65+ | 252 | 1.00 | 1.25 (0.83-1.90) | 1.16 (0.80-1.70) | 0.93 (0.59-1.47) | 0.7079 |
bBMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
< 25 | 425 | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.74-1.36) | 0.88 (0.67-1.17) | 0.87 (0.63-1.19) | 0.2420 |
≥ 25 | 335 | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.59-1.25) | 0.96 (0.69-1.34) | 0.80 (0.55-1.17) | 0.4197 |
cHypertension | ||||||
Nonhypertensive | 368 | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.69-1.48) | 0.86 (0.60-1.22) | 0.86 (0.59-1.26) | 0.2839 |
Hypertensive | 396 | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.67-1.22) | 0.96 (0.73-1.25) | 0.81 (0.59-1.12) | 0.3156 |
dDiabetes mellitus | ||||||
Nondiabetic | 573 | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.78-1.34) | 0.86 (0.67-1.11) | 0.86 (0.65-1.13) | 0.1249 |
Diabetic | 191 | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.47-1.24) | 1.11 (0.74-1.67) | 0.77 (0.47-1.27) | 0.8031 |
eSmoking status | ||||||
Never and past | 604 | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.78-1.30) | 0.96 (0.76-1.21) | 0.89 (0.67-1.17) | 0.3436 |
Current | 157 | 1.00 | 0.71 (0.38-1.32) | 0.76 (0.44-1.30) | 0.73 (0.42-1.27) | 0.4607 |
fAlcohol consumption | ||||||
Never and past | 356 | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.81-1.58) | 1.00 (0.74-1.36) | 0.72 (0.50-1.03) | 0.0636 |
Current | 407 | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.56-1.09) | 0.78 (0.58-1.05) | 0.85 (0.61-1.18) | 0.4576 |
Female (n = 96391) | ||||||
aAge (years) | ||||||
65- | 552 | 1.00 | 0.66 (0.53-0.84) | 0.58 (0.47-0.72) | 0.56 (0.42-0.76) | <.0001 |
65+ | 211 | 1.00 | 0.64 (0.45-0.62) | 0.59 (0.42-0.83) | 0.59 (0.30-1.17) | 0.0022 |
bBMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
< 25 | 437 | 1.00 | 0.68 (0.53-0.88) | 0.59 (0.46-0.74) | 0.53 (0.36-0.77) | <.0001 |
≥ 25 | 324 | 1.00 | 0.69 (0.51-0.94) | 0.64 (0.48-0.85) | 0.74 (0.50-1.10) | 0.0203 |
cHypertension | ||||||
Nonhypertensive | 364 | 1.00 | 0.54 (0.39-0.75) | 0.60 (0.45-0.80) | 0.52 (0.34-0.80) | 0.0007 |
Hypertensive | 399 | 1.00 | 0.77 (0.60-0.98) | 0.60 (0.48-0.76) | 0.70 (0.49-0.99) | 0.0001 |
dDiabetes mellitus | ||||||
Nondiabetic | 613 | 1.00 | 0.64 (0.51-0.80) | 0.57 (0.47-0.70) | 0.66 (0.49-0.88) | <.0001 |
Diabetic | 150 | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.52-1.22) | 0.74 (0.50-1.11) | 0.29 (0.11-0.74) | 0.0132 |
eSmoking status | ||||||
Never and past | 736 | 1.00 | 0.67 (0.55-0.82) | 0.59 (0.49-0.71) | 0.58 (0.43-0.77) | <.0001 |
Current | 23 | 1.00 | 2.09 (0.30-14.78) | 2.88 (0.54-15.25) | 3.30 (0.61-17.91) | 0.1571 |
fAlcohol consumption | ||||||
Never and past | 612 | 1.00 | 0.66 (0.53-0.82) | 0.61 (0.50-0.74) | 0.61 (0.44-0.84) | <.0001 |
Current | 147 | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.47-1.29) | 0.59 (0.37-0.95) | 0.63 (0.35-1.13) | 0.0417 |