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Table 3 The results of multiple regression or logistic regression analysis to examine the association between awareness on nutrition labelling and outcome variables

From: Is nutritional labeling associated with individual health? The effects of labeling-based awareness on dyslipidemia risk in a South Korean population

Variables

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

Dyslipidemia

β

SE

P-value

β

SE

P-value

β

SE

P-value

β

SE

P-value

OR

95 % CI

P-value

Awareness on nutrition labelling

 Checks nutrition facts and makes labeling-dependent purchase decisions

0.837

1.056

0.4280

−11.803

3.061

0.0001

1.259

0.357

0.0004

1.938

0.994

0.0515

0.806

0.709

0.917

0.0011

 Checks nutrition facts but does not make labeling-dependent purchase decisions/Aware of nutrition facts but does not check them when making food purchase decisions

2.350

0.783

0.0028

−7.170

2.725

0.0086

0.799

0.249

0.0014

2.985

0.774

0.0001

0.919

0.828

1.020

0.1110

 Unaware of nutrition facts

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

1.000

-

-

-

Sex

 Male

−5.197

0.833

<.0001

27.026

2.565

<.0001

−6.089

0.279

<.0001

−4.513

0.768

<.0001

1.395

1.265

1.537

<.0001

 Female

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

1.000

-

-

-

Age (years)

 30–39

−10.395

1.105

<.0001

−6.634

3.267

0.0426

1.822

0.372

<.0001

−10.890

1.056

<.0001

0.497

0.432

0.572

<.0001

 40-49

−5.299

1.035

<.0001

6.350

3.465

0.0672

0.706

0.367

0.0544

−7.275

1.001

<.0001

0.678

0.596

0.772

<.0001

 50–59

3.804

0.985

0.0001

11.906

3.065

0.0001

1.012

0.322

0.0018

0.411

0.940

0.6623

1.168

1.025

1.331

0.0198

 60+

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

1.000

-

-

-

Educational level

 Under high school graduation

−2.553

1.535

0.0966

1.013

4.692

0.8291

0.221

0.548

0.6871

−2.976

1.456

0.0413

0.983

0.801

1.206

0.8674

 Bachelor’s degree

−2.206

1.508

0.1438

−3.499

4.603

0.4474

0.206

0.537

0.7017

−1.712

1.417

0.2273

0.954

0.776

1.173

0.6558

 Master’s degree or above

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

1.000

-

-

-

Economic activity

 Unemployed

0.749

0.794

0.3461

4.398

2.187

0.0446

−0.464

0.251

0.0653

0.333

0.729

0.6480

1.153

1.049

1.267

0.0031

 Employed

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

1.000

-

-

-

Household income

 Low

0.258

1.039

0.8042

2.602

3.436

0.4491

−0.585

0.389

0.1331

0.323

1.031

0.7544

1.076

0.946

1.223

0.2677

 Mid-low

−0.302

0.876

0.7302

−0.916

3.057

0.7644

−0.196

0.303

0.5180

0.077

0.805

0.9237

0.926

0.829

1.035

0.1771

 Mid-high

0.064

0.848

0.9399

−2.031

2.702

0.4524

0.012

0.269

0.9648

0.458

0.808

0.5705

0.953

0.858

1.059

0.3729

 High

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

1.000

-

-

-

BMI

 <23

−13.918

0.749

<.0001

−55.011

2.572

<.0001

6.944

0.253

<.0001

−9.860

0.725

<.0001

0.306

0.280

0.335

<.0001

 23–25

−7.322

0.869

<.0001

−27.998

3.190

<.0001

2.754

0.265

<.0001

−4.477

0.795

<.0001

0.566

0.509

0.629

<.0001

 >25

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

1.000

-

-

-

Aerobic exercise habits

 Yes

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

1.000

-

-

-

 No

0.783

0.752

0.2981

10.527

2.478

<.0001

−1.456

0.255

<.0001

0.134

0.717

0.8517

1.090

0.992

1.199

0.0731

Smoking status

 Non-smoker

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

1.000

-

-

-

 Smoker

3.364

0.916

0.0003

26.004

3.516

<.0001

−1.325

0.301

<.0001

−0.512

0.910

0.5739

1.445

1.292

1.616

<.0001

High risk drinking

 No

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

1.000

-

-

-

 Yes

2.614

1.123

0.0202

41.059

5.895

<.0001

4.954

0.366

<.0001

−10.553

1.190

<.0001

1.229

1.066

1.416

0.0046

Family history for hyperlipidemia

 No

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

1.000

-

-

-

 Yes

6.016

1.501

<.0001

5.369

4.264

0.2083

0.477

0.531

0.3687

4.465

1.380

0.0013

1.307

1.096

1.560

0.0028

Survey year

 2010

0.362

1.093

0.7404

−9.251

3.187

0.0038

1.093

0.354

0.0021

1.120

1.007

0.2663

0.998

0.878

1.134

0.9711

 2011

1.526

1.090

0.1619

−6.695

3.336

0.0451

1.137

0.349

0.0012

1.728

1.003

0.0854

1.000

0.876

1.142

0.9992

 2012

1.877

1.114

0.0922

−5.973

3.523

0.0904

−0.092

0.389

0.8141

3.163

1.055

0.0028

1.117

0.975

1.278

0.1106

 2013

−0.479

1.062

0.6523

−4.680

3.494

0.1807

0.513

0.353

0.1464

−0.056

1.028

0.9567

1.030

0.900

1.179

0.6653

 2014

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

1.000

-

-

-

Stress awareness

 Low

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

1.000

-

-

-

 High

0.443

0.757

0.5589

2.219

2.994

0.4588

0.281

0.263

0.2850

−0.282

0.732

0.6998

0.994

0.907

1.089

0.8906

Subjective health status

 Good

0.979

1.014

0.3347

−8.120

3.109

0.0092

1.710

0.330

<.0001

0.894

0.853

0.2949

0.942

0.829

1.070

0.3556

 Normal

0.972

0.978

0.3209

−2.164

2.945

0.4627

0.761

0.299

0.0109

0.643

0.855

0.4521

1.056

0.937

1.190

0.3686

 Bad

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

1.000

-

-

-

Average amount of daily fat intake

0.040

0.011

0.0002

−0.030

0.036

0.4076

0.008

0.003

0.0139

0.038

0.010

0.0002

1.000

0.999

1.001

0.9479

The frequency of eating out

 Less than four times a week

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

-

1.000

-

-

-

 More than five times a week

1.374

0.801

0.0867

−2.755

2.835

0.3314

0.074

0.258

0.7748

1.851

0.794

0.0199

1.043

0.943

1.153

0.4132

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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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