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Table 2 The association between awareness on nutrition labelling and 4 indicators related to dyslipidemia or diagnosis of dyslipidemia

From: Is nutritional labeling associated with individual health? The effects of labeling-based awareness on dyslipidemia risk in a South Korean population

Variables

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

Dyslipidemia

P-value

Positive

Negative

Mean

SD

P-value

Mean

SD

P-value

Mean

SD

P-value

Mean

SD

P-value

N

%

N

%

Awareness regarding nutrition labelling

 Checks nutrition facts and makes labeling-dependent purchase decisions

188.53

34.01

0.0399

111.89

79.41

<.0001

55.48

12.75

<.0001

110.68

30.10

0.0006

1,536

48.42

1,636

51.58

<.0001

 Checks nutrition facts but does not make labeling-dependent purchase decisions/Aware of nutrition facts but does not check them when making food purchase decisions

191.32

34.24

 

129.82

102.12

 

52.80

12.52

 

112.55

31.57

 

4,778

57.28

3,563

42.72

 

 Unaware of nutrition facts

192.54

36.35

 

144.53

109.29

 

50.13

12.25

 

113.50

33.74

 

4,108

66.54

2,066

33.46

 

Sex

 Male

189.06

34.48

<.0001

155.43

123.33

<.0001

48.90

11.82

<.0001

109.08

33.39

<.0001

4,777

64.88

2,586

35.12

<.0001

 Female

192.80

35.24

 

114.85

78.70

 

54.81

12.58

 

115.02

30.92

 

5,645

54.68

4,679

45.32

 

Age (years)

 30–39

183.28

33.23

<.0001

116.04

97.17

<.0001

54.78

12.67

<.0001

105.30

29.70

<.0001

1,816

44.16

2,296

55.84

<.0001

 40–49

190.31

33.50

 

130.36

113.12

 

53.24

12.41

 

110.99

31.25

 

2,151

54.65

1,785

45.35

 

 50–59

199.50

34.47

 

142.52

109.54

 

52.56

12.75

 

118.43

33.11

 

2,595

68.76

1,179

31.24

 

 60+

192.14

36.17

 

136.74

89.46

 

49.90

12.18

 

114.89

32.61

 

3,860

65.81

2,005

34.19

 

Educational level

 Under high school graduation

192.88

35.56

0.1972

136.69

104.97

0.0105

51.73

12.58

0.1640

113.82

33.02

0.0338

7,343

62.92

4,327

37.08

<.0001

 Bachelor’s degree

187.73

33.61

 

121.24

94.43

 

53.75

12.57

 

109.74

30.09

 

2,679

50.64

2,611

49.36

 

 Master’s degree or above

190.55

33.42

 

128.79

93.64

 

52.14

12.55

 

112.66

30.07

 

400

55.02

327

44.98

 

Economic activity

 Unemployed

191.26

36.26

0.5049

125.39

87.09

0.0150

52.62

12.87

0.0188

113.57

32.13

0.1766

4,024

58.60

2,843

41.40

0.4833

 Employed

191.23

34.14

 

135.77

109.81

 

52.17

12.44

 

111.90

32.08

 

6,398

59.13

4,422

40.87

 

Household income

 Low

191.86

36.26

0.5209

140.45

96.60

0.2011

50.15

12.60

0.0143

113.62

33.65

0.3923

2,249

66.52

1,132

33.48

<.0001

 Mid-low

191.04

35.62

 

133.31

110.04

 

52.20

12.58

 

112.18

32.03

 

2,634

58.65

1,857

41.35

 

 Mid-high

190.33

34.21

 

128.97

101.42

 

52.99

12.49

 

111.55

32.33

 

2,750

55.86

2,173

44.14

 

 High

191.92

34.22

 

127.06

97.02

 

53.36

12.59

 

113.15

30.80

 

2,789

57.01

2,103

42.99

 

BMI

 <23

185.60

33.75

<.0001

106.94

79.58

<.0001

55.72

13.07

<.0001

108.50

30.34

<.0001

3,666

46.41

4,233

53.59

<.0001

 23–25

192.73

34.30

 

136.59

100.29

 

51.06

11.92

 

114.35

31.64

 

2,683

63.31

1,555

36.69

 

 >25

198.14

35.85

 

163.34

119.96

 

48.53

11.11

 

116.93

34.14

 

4,073

73.39

1,477

26.61

 

Aerobic exercise habits

 Yes

190.61

33.52

0.4412

126.55

96.47

<.0001

53.42

12.90

<.0001

111.87

31.27

0.9488

2,425

56.86

1,840

43.14

0.0016

 No

191.45

35.43

 

133.39

103.28

 

52.01

12.50

 

112.76

32.36

 

7,997

59.58

5,425

40.42

 

Smoking status

 Non-smoker

191.20

34.87

<.0001

123.16

89.01

<.0001

52.98

12.51

<.0001

113.59

31.11

0.2760

8,152

57.01

6,148

42.99

<.0001

 Smoker

191.41

35.42

 

167.97

137.71

 

49.67

12.67

 

108.15

35.69

 

2,270

67.02

1,117

32.98

 

High risk drinking

 No

190.96

34.90

<.0001

125.77

89.46

<.0001

52.13

12.44

<.0001

113.68

31.34

<.0001

9,254

58.00

6,702

42.00

<.0001

 Yes

193.88

35.57

 

186.79

169.14

 

54.38

13.89

 

102.14

36.89

 

1,168

67.48

563

32.52

 

Family history for hyperlipidemia

 No

191.12

34.91

<.0001

132.05

102.08

0.1179

52.24

12.58

0.1999

112.46

32.11

0.0020

9,995

59.04

6,934

40.96

0.1381

 Yes

194.05

36.41

 

124.93

92.97

 

54.65

13.00

 

114.41

32.06

 

427

56.33

331

43.67

 

Survey year

 2010

190.41

35.86

0.0245

130.30

98.76

0.0539

52.71

12.77

<.0001

111.64

32.60

0.0032

2,294

57.84

1,672

42.16

0.0189

 2011

192.84

36.05

 

132.72

106.89

 

52.93

12.80

 

113.36

32.66

 

2,352

59.39

1,608

40.61

 

 2012

191.79

34.76

 

130.01

98.86

 

51.46

12.45

 

114.33

31.93

 

2,187

60.77

1,412

39.23

 

 2013

190.80

34.06

 

133.48

106.04

 

52.15

12.30

 

111.95

32.09

 

1,879

59.35

1,287

40.65

 

 2014

190.05

33.47

 

132.59

97.21

 

52.36

12.62

 

111.17

30.81

 

1,710

57.08

1,286

42.92

 

Stress awareness

 Low

191.18

34.87

0.1373

131.38

99.14

0.3396

52.23

12.58

0.9746

112.67

32.04

0.2953

8,020

59.25

5,517

40.75

0.1178

 High

191.46

35.33

 

132.92

109.72

 

52.73

12.69

 

112.14

32.32

 

2,402

57.88

1,748

42.12

 

Subjective health status

 Good

191.50

34.39

0.0008

126.37

95.89

0.0031

53.29

12.74

<.0001

112.93

31.31

0.0005

3,316

57.01

2,501

42.99

<.0001

 Normal

191.20

34.43

 

133.28

106.44

 

52.25

12.57

 

112.30

32.02

 

5,173

59.20

3,565

40.80

 

 Bad

190.88

37.50

 

137.42

98.28

 

50.86

12.33

 

112.54

33.77

 

1,933

61.72

1,199

38.28

 

The frequency of eating out

 Less than four times a week

191.43

35.53

0.0007

128.23

96.74

0.8791

52.55

12.76

0.9080

113.24

32.19

0.0001

7,138

58.92

4,977

41.08

0.9811

 More than five times a week

190.83

33.75

 

139.38

111.40

 

51.90

12.28

 

111.05

31.86

 

3,284

58.94

2,288

41.06

 

Total

191.243

34.976

 

131.74

101.717

 

52.347

12.611

 

112.548

32.105

 

10,422

58.92

7,265

41.08