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Table 5 Association of liver enzyme function with alcohol consumption level (Deciles and g/day) by three different methods of alcohol intake estimation among female adults. NHANES 2001–2010a

From: Assessing alcohol intake & its dose-dependent effects on liver enzymes by 24-h recall and questionnaire using NHANES 2001-2010 data

  

24-h recall

Usual intake by NCI method

Alcohol intake questionnaire

Regression coefficientb

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), U/L

 

N

10,387

10,387

9498

 By Decile

Linear

36.96/−0.21

38.96/−0.25

38.16/−0.54*

Curvilinear

ns

32.91/1.73/−0.17#

ns

 By g/day

Linear

37.31/−0.33

37.79/−0.42

37.73/−0.94*

Curvilinear

ns

ns

41.56/−3.92/0.46#

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), U/L

 

N

10,359

10,359

9473

 By Decile

Linear

10.77/0.13

8.58/0.28*

10.55/0.004

Curvilinear

ns

ns

ns

 By g/day

Linear

10.57/0.19

10.09/0.35

10.05/0.27

Curvilinear

ns

ns

ns

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), U/L

 

N

10,358

10,358

9472

 By Decile

Linear

18.10/0.34*

15.88/0.28*

16.62/0.21*

Curvilinear

ns

ns

17.15/−0.29/0.06#

 By g/day

Linear

17.58/0.50*

16.49/0.83*

15.78/0.88*

Curvilinear

ns

ns

ns

Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), U/L

 

N

10,387

10,387

9498

 By Decile

Linear

0.04/0.99*

−7.01/0.89*

−2.16/0.67*

Curvilinear

ns

ns

−0.44/−0.96/0.19#

 By g/day

Linear

−1.49/1.47*

−4.76/2.47*

−4.73/2.77*

Curvilinear

ns

ns

ns

Bilirubin (mg/dl)

 

N

10,382

10,382

9493

 By Decile

Linear

0.83/0.005*

0.81/0.002

0.81/0.01*

Curvilinear

ns

0.86/−0.02/0.001#

ns

 By g/day

Linear

0.82/0.01*

0.81/0.01

0.81/0.01*

Curvilinear

ns

0.73/0.06/−0.01#

0.78/0.04/−0.004#

  1. aRegression analyses examining linear and/or quadratic effect of alcohol intake conducted with the following covariates: age, race/ethnicity, current smoking status (yes/no), poverty income ratio, physical activity level (sedentary, moderate, or vigorous based on feedback on questions on activity), energy intake, and body mass index. bβ0/β1 for Linear Trend and β0/β1/β2 for Curvilinear Trend (β0: intercept, β1: linear regression coefficient, and β2: curvilinear regression coefficient); * Significant Linear Trend at P < 0.01; # Significant Curvilinear Trend at P < 0.01; N Sample Size; ns Non-significant Curvilinear Trend