Assessing alcohol intake & its dose-dependent effects on liver enzymes by 24-h recall and questionnaire using NHANES 2001-2010 data

Table 4 Association of liver enzyme function with alcohol consumption level (Deciles and g/day) by three different methods of alcohol intake estimation among male adults. NHANES 2001–2010^a

		24-h recall	Usual intake by NCI method	Alcohol intake questionnaire
		Regression coefficient^b
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), U/L
	N	10,858	10,858	10,025
By Decile	Linear	66.64/−0.25	68.96/−0.37*	65.82/−0.29*
By Decile	Curvilinear	67.25/−1.24/0.12^#	ns	ns
By g/day	Linear	67.20/−0.40*	68.07/−0.53*	65.67/−0.40
By g/day	Curvilinear	ns	ns	ns
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), U/L
	N	10,820	10,820	9987
By Decile	Linear	15.08/0.36*	12.14/0.47*	14.24/0.52*
By Decile	Curvilinear	ns	ns	ns
By g/day	Linear	14.46/0.45*	13.25/0.68*	13.94/0.93*
By g/day	Curvilinear	16.10/−1.14/0.21^#	ns	ns
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), U/L
	N	10,819	10,819	9986
By Decile	Linear	22.45/0.48*	19.35/0.50*	21.06/0.45*
By Decile	Curvilinear	ns	23.03/−0.75/0.11^#	21.92/−0.35/0.09^#
By g/day	Linear	21.66/0.57*	20.30/0.80*	20.47/0.94*
By g/day	Curvilinear	23.50/−1.22/0.23^#	23.07/−0.75/0.18^#	ns
Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), U/L
	N	10,858	10,858	10,025
By Decile	Linear	7.97/2.12*	−6.88/2.38*	0.44/2.14*
By Decile	Curvilinear	ns	3.35/−1.07/0.30^#	4.23/−1.37/0.39^#
By g/day	Linear	4.36/2.60*	−1.90/3.66*	−1.95/4.33*
By g/day	Curvilinear	10.81/−3.66/0.82^#	ns	ns
Bilirubin (mg/dl)
	N	10,854	10,854	10,021
By Decile	Linear	1.11/0.002	1.10/0.002	1.07/0.004
By Decile	Curvilinear	ns	ns	ns
By g/day	Linear	1.11/0.003	1.11/0.002	1.07/0.01
By g/day	Curvilinear	ns	ns	ns

^aRegression analyses examining linear and/or quadratic effect of alcohol intake conducted with the following covariates: age, race/ethnicity, current smoking status (yes/no), poverty income ratio, physical activity level (sedentary, moderate, or vigorous based on feedback on questions on activity), energy intake, and body mass index. ^bβ₀/β₁ for Linear Trend and β₀/β₁/β₂ for Curvilinear Trend (β₀: intercept, β₁: linear regression coefficient, and β₂: curvilinear regression coefficient);* Significant Linear Trend at P < 0.01; ^# Significant Curvilinear Trend at P < 0.01; N Sample Size; ns Non-significant Curvilinear Trend

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