Assessing alcohol intake & its dose-dependent effects on liver enzymes by 24-h recall and questionnaire using NHANES 2001-2010 data

Table 3 Association of liver enzyme function with alcohol consumption level (Deciles and g/day) by three different methods of alcohol intake estimation among all adults. NHANES 2001–2010^a

		24-h recall	Usual intake by NCI method	Alcohol intake questionnaire
		Regression coefficient^b
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), U/L
	N	21,245	21,245	19,523
By Decile	Linear	47.82/−0.24*	50.70/−0.38*	48.37/−0.45*
By Decile	Curvilinear	48.14/−1.10/0.11^#	ns	ns
By g/day	Linear	48.21/−0.37*	48.70/−0.45*	47.58/−0.53*
By g/day	Curvilinear	ns	ns	51.08/−3.14/0.36^#
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), U/L
	N	21,179	21,179	19,460
By Decile	Linear	9.95/0.26*	7.17/0.37*	9.22/0.27*
By Decile	Curvilinear	ns	ns	ns
By g/day	Linear	9.59/0.34*	8.84/0.57*	8.91/0.74*
By g/day	Curvilinear	ns	ns	ns
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), U/L
	N	21,177	21,177	19,458
By Decile	Linear	18.57/0.42*	15.58/0.40*	17.06/0.33*
By Decile	Curvilinear	ns	17.82/−0.36/0.06^#	17.75/−0.35/0.08^#
By g/day	Linear	18.00/0.54*	17.01/0.79*	16.64/0.93*
By g/day	Curvilinear	19.28/−0.70/0.17^#	ns	17.86/0.02/0.12^#
Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), U/L
	N	21,245	21,245	19,523
By Decile	Linear	−0.64/1.65*	−13.55/1.72*	−5.78/1.43*
By Decile	Curvilinear	ns	−8.30/−0.05/0.15^#	−3.01/−1.30/0.31^#
By g/day	Linear	−2.94/2.21*	−7.09/3.29*	−7.36/3.88*
By g/day	Curvilinear	2.31/−2.95/0.69^#	ns	−3.21/0.80/0.42^#
Bilirubin (mg/dl)
	N	21,236	21,236	19,514
By Decile	Linear	0.87/0.003*	0.86/0.001	0.84/0.005*
By Decile	Curvilinear	ns	ns	ns
By g/day	Linear	0.87/0.004*	0.86/0.004	0.85/0.01*
By g/day	Curvilinear	ns	ns	ns

^aRegression analyses examining linear and/or quadratic effect of alcohol intake conducted with the following covariates: age, gender, race/ethnicity, current smoking status (yes/no), poverty income ratio, physical activity level (sedentary, moderate, or vigorous based on feedback on questions on activity), energy intake, and body mass index. ^bβ₀/β₁ for Linear Trend and β₀/β₁/β₂ for Curvilinear Trend (β₀: intercept, β₁: linear regression coefficient, and β₂: curvilinear regression coefficient); * Significant Linear Trend at P < 0.01; ^# Significant Curvilinear Trend at P < 0.01, N Sample Size; ns Non-significant Curvilinear Trend

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