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Table 2 DRVs for men and women (m/f), daily tolerable upper limits (UL), limits established by the European Commission (EC Limit) and micronutrient content (mean and range) in standard and disease-specific enteral formulas (calculated as daily intake of 2000 Kcal/day)

From: Micronutrient content in enteral nutrition formulas: comparison with the dietary reference values for healthy populations

 

Enteral formulas

Micronutrient

DRVs

m/f

UL

EC Limit

Min-max

Standard

N = 20

Mean (min-max)

Diabetes

N = 8

Mean (min-max)

Malabsorbtion

N = 5

Mean (min-max)

Hypercatabolism

N = 13

Mean (min-max)

Organ Failure

N = 16

Mean (min-max)

Trace element

Iron. mg

10/10

-

10.0–40.0

25.4 (15.7–32.0)

23.0 (11.7–32.0)

22.6 (18.0–32.0)

24.0 (10.0–38.4)

23.7 (17.7–32.0)

Zinc. mg

11/8

25

10–30

22.4 (15.7–26.0)

23.0 (17.9–26.7)

19.3 (15.0–24.0)

27.0 (16.0–52.3)

21.7 (16.0–25.3)

Copper. mg

0.9/0.9

5

1.2–10.0

3.0 (2.0–3.6)

2.6 (1.3–3.6)

2.1 (0.2–3.6)

3.0 (1.2–4.2)

2.8 (1.7–3.6)

Iodine. mcg

150/150

600

130–700

250 (171–312)

237 (179–296)

253 (200–280)

245 (177–297)

237 (177–293)

Selenium. mcg

55/55

300

50–200

124 (82–147)

117 (88–150)

117 (100–132)

120 (73–192)

115 (84–147)

Manganese. mg

2.7/2.3

-

1.0–10.0

5.1 (2.3–7.6)

5.3 (2.9–7.0)

4.5 (3.0–6.6)

5.2 (3.6–7.6)

4.8 (2.3–7.1)

Chromium. mcg

30/20

-

25–300

148 (100–220)

215 (117–593)

106 (99–134)

127 (30–210)

141 (89–193)

Molybdenum. mcg

45/45

600

70–360

205 (81–300)

198 (163–222)

201 (150–237)

187 (73–317)

190 (89–258)

Fluoride. mg

4/3

7

0–4

2.3 (1.7–3.0)

1.8 (1.1–2.9)

2.0 (1.8–2.1)

2.4 (1.7–3.4)

2.1 (1.7–2.7)

Vitamin

Vitamin A. mcg

700/600

3000

700–3600

2236 (1020–3800)

2146 (1138–4038)

1718 (1000–2380)

2051 (1000–4246)

2346 (1056–3893)

Vitamin D. mcg

15/15

100

10.0–50.0

20.1 (13.3–30.9)

19.6 (14.0–33.3)

16.7 (10.0–22.4)

17.5 (13.2–31.6)

22.1 (13.3–66.7)

Vitamin E. mcg

13/12

300

10.0–60.0

30.5 (21.4–46.0)

48.0 (16.2–148.9)

25.6 (14.0–38.2)

64.5 (16.4–307.7)

46.3 (17.7–280.0)

Vitamin K. mcg

170/170

-

70–400

128 (100–171)

129 (81–200)

112 (90–132)

112 (72–154)

122 (89–153)

Vitamin C. mg

105/85

-

45–440

184 (114–220)

208 (75–371)

181 (90–280)

314 (82–861)

231 (89–1120)

Vitamin B1. mg

1.2/1.1

-

1.2–10.0

3.2 (2.0–4.7)

2.9 (1.8–3.9)

2.7 (2.0–3.7)

2.8 (1.2–4.1)

3.2 (1.7–4.7)

Vitamin B2. mg

1.6/1.3

-

1.6–10.0

3.6 (2.9–5.6)

3.3 (2.3–3.9)

2.7 (2.0–3.2)

3.4 (2.2–5.3)

3.6 (2.3–5.6)

Vitamin B6. mg

1.7/1.5

25

1.6–10.0

3.7 (2.9–5.6)

3.6 (2.3–4.3)

3.2 (2.0–4.2)

3.4 (2.0–5.2)

4.1 (2.1–9.4)

Niacin. mg

18a/18a

10b

18.0–60.0a

34.5 (25.7–45.7)a

31.0 (19.5–40.0)a

36.1 (24.0–52.6)a

33.6 (21.3–38.6)a

33.7 (21.3–38.7)a

Folate. mcg

400/400

1000

200–1000

543 (357–667)

552 (260–840)

485 (400–560)

635 (328–2600)

534 (360–667)

Vitamin B12. mcg

2.4/2.4

-

1.4–14.0

6.1 (4.1–9.4)

6.7 (5.7–10.0)

5.9 (4.0–10.5)

5.3 (3.0–7.9)

5.9 (3.6–9.4)

Pantothenic Acid. mg

5.0/5.0

-

3.0–30.0

12.5 (8.6–18.6)

11.9 (8.1–15.0)

10.6 (7.0–13.0)

11.4 (6.3–16.9)

11.5 (6.3–17.8)

Biotin. mcg

30/30

-

15–150

92 (71–100)

93 (80–115)

80 (71–100)

95 (67–139)

87 (67–100)

  1. N = number of formulas considered
  2. aas niacin equivalents (NE); one mg NE equals 1 mg niacin or 60 mg tryptophan, an amino acid that the liver can convert into niacin
  3. bas nicotinic acid; the UL for nicotinic acid refers only to niacin from fortified food or that is in dietary supplements such as multivitamins