Effects of milk containing only A2 beta casein versus milk containing both A1 and A2 beta casein proteins on gastrointestinal physiology, symptoms of discomfort, and cognitive behavior of people with self-reported intolerance to traditional cows’ milk

Table 7 Gastrointestinal transit time in subjects with or without lactose intolerance

	Variable	Sequence 1 (n = 22)^a		Sequence 2 (n = 18)^b		Estimate^c	SD	P-value^d
		Phase 1	Phase 2	Phase 1	Phase 2
Overall (n = 40)	SBTT (h)	3.62 ± 1.46	4.02 ± 1.45	3.90 ± 1.85	3.79 ± 1.89	−0.1997	0.3704	0.593
	CTT (h)	35.41 ± 8.68	28.23 ± 5.50	29.62 ± 7.41	35.51 ± 6.92	6.6173	1.2916	<0.0001
	WGTT (h)	39.95 ± 8.45	33.41 ± 5.68	34.36 ± 6.90	40.14 ± 6.81	6.2673	1.3568	<0.0001
Lactose intolerant (n = 19)	SBTT (h)	3.28 ± 1.31	4.05 ± 1.67	3.81 ± 1.16	4.33 ± 1.79	−0.1262	0.495	0.8018
	CTT (h)	31.01 ± 5.92	27.10 ± 3.74	29.06 ± 6.17	32.64 ± 5.85	3.7462	1.3089	0.0108
	WGTT (h)	35.40 ± 5.61	32.72 ± 3.16	33.84 ± 6.04	37.85 ± 6.03	3.3441	1.3849	0.0273
Lactose tolerant (n = 21)	SBTT (h)	3.81 ± 1.55	4.00 ± 1.37	4.07 ± 2.82	3.27 ± 1.93	−0.4985	0.5583	0.3831
	CTT (h)	37.92 ± 9.17	28.87 ± 6.33	30.66 ± 9.95	40.60 ± 6.23	9.494	2.1656	0.0003
	WGTT (h)	42.55 ± 8.85	33.80 ± 6.80	35.48 ± 8.89	44.57 ± 6.36	8.9262	2.2947	0.0010

^aSequence 1: A1/A2 → A2
^bSequence 2: A2 → A1/A2
^cLeast squares mean difference (A1/A2 − A2)
^dValues in bold are statistically significant at P < 0.05
SD standard deviation, SBTT small bowel transit time, CTT colonic transit time, WGTT whole gastrointestinal transit time

ISSN: 1475-2891