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Table 2 Results of serum and fecal laboratory tests

From: Effects of milk containing only A2 beta casein versus milk containing both A1 and A2 beta casein proteins on gastrointestinal physiology, symptoms of discomfort, and cognitive behavior of people with self-reported intolerance to traditional cows’ milk

Variable

Sequence 1a

Sequence 2b

Mixed-effects ANOVA

 

Period 1

Period 2

Period 1

Period 2

Estimatec

SD

P-valued

 

BL

PI

BL

PI

BL

PI

BL

PI

Serum

         

hs-CRP (mg/L)

1.00 ± 0.70

1.17 ± 0.64

0.97 ± 0.58

1.10 ± 0.58

1.03 ± 1.03

1.02 ± 1.11

1.01 ± 0.98

1.18 ± 1.04

0.0722e

0.03746

0.0608

Hb (g/L)

141.7 ± 17.5

145.1 ± 17.0

136.7 ± 23.2

143.9 ± 16.4

142.8 ± 20.1

145.5 ± 17.7

137.5 ± 25.2

142.0 ± 18.1

−0.8654

1.6781

0.6088

IL-4 (ng/L)

11.8 ± 4.2

14.1 ± 5.2

11.1 ± 3.4

11.0 ± 3.2

11.9 ± 4.3

12.0 ± 3.7

11.8 ± 3.4

14.1 ± 4.6

2.5258

0.5338

<0.0001

IgG (g/L)

10.3 ± 2.1

11.6 ± 2.3

10.2 ± 1.7

10.6 ± 1.4

10.6 ± 2.1

11.1 ± 1.9

10.8 ± 1.8

12.2 ± 1.7

0.1426e

0.03915

0.0007

IgE (IU/mL)

61.3 ± 29.0

69.8 ± 38.0

63.3 ± 30.1

66.2 ± 28.9

58.6 ± 31.2

60.7 ± 33.3

56.7 ± 31.3

64.4 ± 34.2

5.9688

2.5741

0.0253

IgG1 (μg/mL)

29.4 ± 31.3

37.4 ± 39.1

31.0 ± 33.1

30.3 ± 32.9

33.0 ± 28.3

28.5 ± 28.5

32.9 ± 27.2

37.4 ± 31.4

0.2424f

0.07873

0.0037

Feces

         

Acetic acid (%)

0.42 ± 0.15

0.42 ± 0.15

0.40 ± 0.14

0.46 ± 0.11

0.39 ± 0.19

0.46 ± 0.19

0.39 ± 0.17

0.36 ± 0.11

−0.0667

0.0226

0.0052

Propanoic acid (%)

0.18 ± 0.07

0.18 ± 0.07

0.17 ± 0.07

0.17 ± 0.07

0.17 ± 0.09

0.19 ± 0.13

0.18 ± 0.09

0.17 ± 0.07

−0.006e

0.0187

0.7504

Butanoic acid (%)

0.17 ± 0.07

0.16 ± 0.07

0.16 ± 0.07

0.20 ± 0.08

0.17 ± 0.09

0.23 ± 0.09

0.17 ± 0.08

0.16 ± 0.05

−0.0515

0.0122

0.0001

Total SCFA (%)

0.76 ± 0.24

0.76 ± 0.24

0.72 ± 0.24

0.83 ± 0.19

0.73 ± 0.33

0.88 ± 0.33

0.74 ± 0.28

0.69 ± 0.18

−0.1289

0.03609

0.0009

  1. aSequence 1: A1/A2 → A2
  2. bSequence 2: A2 → A1/A2
  3. cA1/A2 − A2
  4. dValues in bold are statistically significant at P < 0.05
  5. eBecause the variable was non-normally distributed, mixed-effects ANOVA was performed using the square root-transformed values
  6. fBecause the variable was non-normally distributed, mixed-effects ANOVA was performed using the log-transformed values
  7. ANOVA analysis of variance, BL baseline, PI postintervention (i.e., after 2 weeks of each intervention), SD standard deviation, hs-CRP highly sensitive C-reactive protein, Hb hemoglobin, BCM-7 β-casomorphin-7, IL-4 interleukin-4, Ig immunoglobulin, SCFA short-chain fatty acids