Matured hop extract reduces body fat in healthy overweight humans: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group study

Table 6 Change in blood chemistry parameters (liver function)

Parameter	Sex	Reference range	Group	Ingestion period				Follow-up period
Parameter	Sex	Reference range	Group	0 w	4 w	8 w	12 w	16 w
TP (g/dL)		6.5-8.2	A	7.30 (0.03)	7.27 (0.04)	7.23 (0.03)^*	7.26 (0.03)	7.30 (0.03)
TP (g/dL)		6.5-8.2	P	7.29 (0.03)	7.22 (0.03)^*	7.28 (0.04)	7.28 (0.04)	7.31 (0.04)
Alb (g/dL)		3.7-5.5	A	4.46 (0.02)	4.43 (0.02)	4.42 (0.02)^*	4.43 (0.02)^*	4.48 (0.02)
Alb (g/dL)		3.7-5.5	P	4.50 (0.02)	4.46 (0.02)^*	4.48 (0.02)	4.48 (0.03)	4.54 (0.02)^*
T-Bil (mg/dL)		0.3-1.2	A	0.70 (0.03)	0.72 (0.03)	0.68 (0.03)	0.68 (0.03)	0.68 (0.03)
T-Bil (mg/dL)		0.3-1.2	P	0.74 (0.03)	0.72 (0.03)	0.69 (0.03)	0.71 (0.03)	0.67 (0.03)^**
AST (U/L)		10-40	A	21.1 (0.6)	20.5 (0.6)^*	21.2 (0.7)	21.5 (0.9)	22.5 (0.8)^*
AST (U/L)		10-40	P	20.9 (0.6)	20.7 (0.7)	21.3 (0.9)	21.4 (0.8)	21.4 (0.5)
ALT (U/L)		5-45	A	23.7 (1.3)	22.0 (1.3)^**	23.0 (1.3)	23.3 (1.6)	25.0 (1.7)
ALT (U/L)		5-45	P	22.2 (1.4)	21.0 (1.1)	24.1 (1.8)	23.5 (1.5)	22.5 (1.0)
LDH (U/L)		120-245	A	172.4 (2.5)	178.9 (2.8)^**	174.9 (2.9)	179.1 (3.5)^**	178.8 (3.7)^*
LDH (U/L)		120-245	P	175.5 (3.6)	179.3 (3.1)	175.6 (3.3)	173.3 (2.7)	174.1 (2.8)
ALP (U/L)		104-338	A	199.4 (5.3)	199.7 (5.4)	198.4 (5.3)	197.8 (5.1)	200.7 (5.4)
ALP (U/L)		104-338	P	190.2 (5.5)	187.7 (5.5)	193.6 (5.6)	195.6 (5.9)^*	197.5 (6.0)^**
γ-GTP (U/L)	M	≤79	A	37.7 (3.8)	36.1 (3.6)	37.6 (4.0)	37.0 (4.0)	38.9 (3.9)
	M	≤79	P	39.7 (5.2)	39.6 (4.3)	43.2 (5.6)	41.0 (5.1)	40.7 (3.8)
	F	≤48	A	24.7 (2.2)^#	23.2 (1.7)	24.8 (2.3)	23.8 (2.0)	26.8 (2.5)
	F	≤48	P	19.7 (1.3)	19.2 (1.2)	21.5 (1.6)^*	20.7 (1.4)	21.6 (2.0)

Data are expressed as means (SEM). A, Active group (n = 94); P, Placebo group (n = 94). M, Male; F, Female
^# P < 0.05 vs. Placebo group. ^* P < 0.05, ^** P < 0.01 vs. 0 w

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