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Table 5 Beneficial effect of pistachio consumption on glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammation and related metabolic risk markers: results from a randomized clinical trial

From: Pairing nuts and dried fruit for cardiometabolic health

 

Pistachio diet

Control diet

Treatment effect

Characteristics

Baseline

Change

Baseline

Change

P-value

Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)

116.24 (112.37, 120.11)

-­5.17 (-­8.14, -­2.19)*

108.06 (104.27, 111.84)

6.72 (4.38, 9.07)

<0.001

Fasting plasma insulin (mU/mL)

14.36 (12.65, 16.07)

-­2.04 (-­3.17, -­0.92)*

11.44 (9.81, 13.07)

2.51 (1.02, 4.00)

<0.001

HOMA-­IR

4.22 (3.66, 4.77)

-­0.69 (-­1.07, -­0.31)*

3.10 (2.64, 3.56)

0.97 (0.49, 1.44)

<0.001

HOMA-­BCF

98.22 (86.35, 110.09)

-­3.46 (-­11.45, 4.53)

96.76 (78.45, 115.07)

-­0.25 (-­9.65, 9.16)

0.620

HbA1c (%)

5.92 (5.82, 6.02)

­0.03 (-­0.12, 0.05)

5.87 (5.75, 5.99)

0.03 (-­0.03, 0.10)

0.130

Fibrinogen (ng/mL)

71.18 (65.62, 76.75)

-­2.24 (-­5.94, 1.46)

65.13 (60.45, 69.81)

3.24 (-­0.19, 6.67)

0.019

Tissue Factor (pg/mL)

195.71 (143.16, 248.26)

16.33 (-­10.60, 43.27)

225.57 (169.88, 281.26)

-­14.46 (-­40.35, 11.43)

0.162

PAI-­1 (pg/mL)

158.37 (134.65, 182.10)

13.26 (-­13.81, 40.33)

177.42 (136.40, 218.43)

-­12.91 (-­42.41, 16.59)

0.146

Von Willebrand factor (ng/mL)

0.61 (0.47, 0.75)

0.27 (0.00, 0.55)

0.99 (0.59, 1.39)

-­0.04 (-­0.53, 0.45)

0.149

Platelet Factor 4 (ng/mL)

0.20 (0.07, 0.32)

-­0.07 (-­0.13, -­0.02)

0.12 (0.09, 0.15)

0.00 (-­0.02, 0.02)

0.014

Thromboxane B2 (ng/mL)

2.20 (1.60, 2.80)

-­0.18 (-­0.55, 0.19)

2.20 (1.69, 2.71)

0.13 (-­0.33, 0.58)

0.306

Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (pg/mL)

32.55 (26.99, 38.11)

-­0.04 (-­4.17, 4.09)

34.19 (29.17, 39.21)

-­1.31 (-­5.08, 2.46)

0.613

Glucagon-­Like Peptide-­1 (pg/mL)

46.62 (37.24, 56.00)

4.09 (1.25, 6.94)*

47.40 (37.77, 57.04)

-­0.59 (-­2.98, 1.80)

0.009

C-­peptide (ng/mL)

1.83 (1.68, 1.98)

-­0.06 (-­0.18, 0.06)

1.75 (1.60, 1.91)

0.01 (-­0.11, 0.14)

0.338

Resistin (pg/mL)

105.70 (89.89, 121.50)

2.29 (-­7.14, 11.73)

108.63 (89.55, 127.71)

4.19 (-­21.01, 29.39)

0.669

  1. Adapted from Hernandez-­Alonso, P. et al [5]
  2. All values are means (95 % CI). Intra-­group analysis was assessed by paired t-­test. Basal-­adjusted changes between groups were analysed using adjusted ANOVA of repeated measurements
  3. * Significantly difference (P < 0.05) between baseline and final in a certain intervention period