Table 3 Characteristics according to quintile categories based on dietary patterns

Age (years)

53.9 ± 8.9

59.5 ± 8.2

-

58.3 ± 8.6

57.9 ± 8.9

-

59.1 ± 7.9

57.6 ± 8.7

-

Gender (male)

92 (63.4)

83 (57.2)

-

108 (74.5)

86 (59.3)

-

83 (44.4)

133 (85.3)

-

Body mass index (kg/m²)

25.8 ± 4.0

24.1 ± 4.2

−1.64

24.7 ± 3.8

24.8 ± 4.3

0.40

23.9 ± 3.9

25.1 ± 4.1

3.04**

Estimated duration of diabetes (years)

9.5 ± 6.8

9.4 ± 6.4

−1.44

9.9 ± 6.8

10.4 ± 6.9

1.00

9.7 ± 7.3

9.5 ± 7.0

0.00

MEQ

55.3 ± 8.0

58.7 ± 6.8

2.55***

57.6 ± 7.5

57.6 ± 7.4

−0.11

57.9 ± 7.4

57.5 ± 7.1

−1.21

PSQI

5.8 ± 3.8

4.8 ± 2.6

−1.53

5.0 ± 3.1

5.5 ± 3.4

1.35

5.1 ± 3.4

5.1 ± 2.8

1.03

BDI-II

11.4 ± 7.5

9.1 ± 7.4

−2.18*

10.0 ± 7.5

10.8 ± 8.0

0.71

9.8 ± 8.1

9.6 ± 7.9

0.47

Energy intake　(kcal/day)

1614 ± 655

2000 ± 546

6.43***

1621 ± 506

2154 ± 658

10.90***

1542 ± 502

2055 ± 665

7.55

Current smoker (%)

34 (23.4)

27 (18.6)

−0.28

41 (28.3)

27 (18.6)

−0.64

42 (22.5)

46(29.5)

0.14

Physical activity (kcal/day)

37.2 ± 65.0

51.7 ± 84.1

2.17*

44.5 ± 65.1

46.2 ± 85.6

1.14

40.3 ± 67.9

51.8 ± 95.2

1.73

Worker (yes)

114 (78.6)

92 (63.4)

−1.22

105 (72.4)

105 (72.4)

1.31

132(70.6)

118 (75.6)

−0.84

Sleep duration (hours)

6.4 ± 1.4

6.5 ± 1.2

−1.15

6.5 ± 1.3

6.4 ± 1.3

−0.14

6.4 ± 1.3

6.4 ± 1.1

−0.27

Diabetes medication (yes)

130 (89.7)

114 (78.6)

−2.50*

122 (84.1)

120 (82.8)

−033

155 (82.9)

132 (84.6)

−0.21

Hypertension medication (yes)

74 (51.0)

62 (42.8)

−1.84

71 (49.0)

78 (53.8)

1.60

85 (45.5)

74 (47.4)

−0.03

Hyperlipidemia medication (yes)

90 (62.1)

87 (60.0)

−0.93

89 (61.4)

86 (59.3)

−1.10

106 (56.7)

86 (55.1)

1.37