Table 5 Percentage of participants with inadequate iodine intake and excretion compared with the DRI for Japanesea
From: Adequacy of iodine intake in three different Japanese adult dietary patterns: a nationwide study
Percentage of inadequacy in men (numbers) | Percentage of inadequacy in women (numbers) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference values† | All | Cluster I (Rice and vegetables) | Cluster II (Meat, non-Japanese noodles, and sugar sweetened beverages) | Cluster III (Fish, Japanese noodles, and alcohol) | p-value‡ | All | Cluster I (Rice and vegetables) | Cluster II (Fish and Japanese noodles) | Cluster III (Bread and non-Japanese noodles) | p-value‡ | |
(n = 101) | (n = 34) | (n = 60) | (n = 22) | (n = 33) | (n = 140) | ||||||
Below EAR or RDA | |||||||||||
Iodine intake | <95 μg/d | 7.7 (15) | 5.9 (6) | 23.5 (8) | 1.7 (1) | 0.003 | 15.9 (31) | 13.6 (3) | 6.1 (2) | 18.6 (26) | 0.39 |
<130 μg/d | 13.9 (27) | 9.9 (10) | 29.4 (10) | 11.7 (7) | 0.06 | 20.0 (39) | 18.2 (4) | 6.1 (2) | 23.6 (33) | 0.14 | |
Habitual iodine intake | <95 μg/d | 0.5 (1) | 1.0 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 1.0 (2) | 4.6 (1) | 0 (0) | 0.7 (1) | |
<130 μg/d | 1.5 (3) | 1.0 (1) | 5.9 (2) | 0 (0) | - | 2.1 (4) | 4.6 (1) | 0 (0) | 2.1 (3) | ||
Iodine excretion§ | <95 μg/d | 1.7 (3) | 2.1 (2) | 3.3 (1) | 0 (0) | 0.43 | 3.4 (6) | 4.8 (1) | 0 (0) | 4.0 (5) | 0.48 |
<130 μg/d | 4.5 (8) | 3.2 (3) | 6.7 (2) | 5.6 (3) | 0.69 | 9.0 (16) | 4.8 (1) | 3.6 (1) | 10.9 (14) | 0.61 | |
Above UL | |||||||||||
Iodine intake | >3000 μg/d | 18.5 (36) | 22.8 (23) | 5.9 (2) | 18.3 (11) | 0.18 | 21.5 (42) | 50.0 (11) | 36.4 (12) | 13.6 (19) | 0.0002 |
Habitual iodine intake | >3000 μg/d | 5.1 (11) | 8.9 (9) | 0 (0) | 3.3 (2) | - | 7.2 (15) | 36.4 (8) | 15.2 (5) | 1.4 (2) | - |
Iodine excretion§ | >3000 μg/d | 8.4 (15) | 8.4 (8) | 6.7 (2) | 9.3 (5) | 1.0 | 4.0 (7) | 14.3 (3) | 7.1 (2) | 1.6 (2) | 0.01 |