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Table 3 Sex-stratified dietary micronutrient intake in the vegan and the Danish National Survey of Dietary Habits and Physical Activity (DANSDA) study samples with the 2012 Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR)

From: Intake of macro- and micronutrients in Danish vegans

 

Men

Women

Vegan

DANSDA

P*

NNR

Vegan

DANSDA

P*

NNR

(n = 33)

(n = 566)

(n = 37)

(n = 691)

Vitamin A (RE/day)

592

1240

<2 × 10−16**

900

542

929

2.3 × 10−11**

700

(406–1006)

(880–1808)

(358–932)

(660–1296)

Retinol (μg/day)

0.03

940

<2 × 10−16***

 

8.3

507

<2 × 10−16***

 

(0.00–29.7)

(606–1463)

(0.0–33)

(359–742)

β-carotene (μg/day)

5307

2775

6.65 × 10−9**

 

6827

3832

0.00033**

 

(3319–9154)

(1574–4514)

(3833–11130)

(2049–6869)

Vitamin D (μg/day)

0

2.9

<2 × 10−16***

10

0

2.2

<2 × 10−16***

10

(2.2–4.3)

(1.6–3.4)

Vitamin E (αTE/day)

19.6

7.9

<2 × 10−16**

10

15.3

7.1

<2 × 10−16

8

(13–37)

(7–10)

(13–18)

(6–9)

Thiamine (mg/day)

2.1

1.5

7.58 × 10−16

1.3

1.5

1.1

9 × 10−15

1.1

(1.8–2.7)

(1.2–1.8)

(1.2–1.8)

(1.0–1.3)

Riboflavin (mg/day)

1.2

1.9

<2 × 10−16**

1.5

1.0

1.5

<2 × 10−16**

1.2

(1.0–1.8)

(1.5–2.3)

(0.9–1.2)

(1.2–1.8)

Niacin (NE/day)

21.3

37.4

<2 × 10−16

18

17.5

26.8

<2 × 10−16

14

(19.4–29.3)

(32.1–43.2)

(15.0–21.2)

(23.6–31.2)

Vitamin B6 (mg/day)

2.5

1.7

<2 × 10−16

1.5

1.9

1.4

3.2 × 10−13

1.2

(1.8–2.8)

(1.5–2.0)

(1.3–2.1)

(1.1–1.6)

Folic Acid (μg/day)

628

339

<2 × 10−16**

300

578

308

<2 × 10−16

300

(465–787)

(288–411)

(526–725)

(249–379)

Vitamin B12 (μg/day)

0

6.1

<2 × 10−16

2

0

4.2

<2 × 10−16

2

(4.8–7.7)

(3.3–5.3)

Vitamin C (mg/day)

221

100

<2 × 10−16**

75

221

110

<2 × 10−16**

75

(144–330)

(76–138)

(170–254)

(79–151)

Calcium (mg/day)

885

1154

<2 × 10−16**

800

724

1054

<2 × 10−16**

800

(786–1104)

(923–1481)

(591–927)

(862–1303)

Phosphorus (mg/day)

1555

1686

5.24 × 10−6

600

1249

1297

2.9 × 10−6

600

(1325–1903

(1443–1985)

(990–1400)

(1136–1514)

Magnesium (mg/day)

645

412

<2 × 10−16

350

484

332

<2 × 10−16

280

(509–802)

(354–475)

(415–556)

(285–383)

Sodium (mg/day)

2068

4226

<2 × 10−16

<2400

1589

3020

<2 × 10−16

<2400

(1283–2656)

(3553–4994)

(1146–1899)

(2531–3566)

Potassium (mg/day)

4274

3871

1.96 × 10−8

3500

3602

3183

0.0058

3100

(3648−5623)

(3297–4575)

(2852–4179)

(2763–3718)

Iron (mg/day)

18.5

12.0

<2 × 10−16**

9

13.5

9.3

<2 × 10−16**

15

(16.0–24.3)

(10.3–14.3)

(11.0–17.1)

(8.0–10.7)

Zinc (mg/day)

10.5

13.0

1.82 × 10−10

9

8.6

9.6

1.12 × 10−8

7

(8.1–15.3)

(11.3–15.1)

(6.6–10.2)

(8.4–11.2)

Iodine (μg/day)

64

213

<2 × 10−16**

150

65

178

<2 × 10−16

150

(43–91)

(180–269)

(54–86)

(146–215)

Selenium (μg/day)

33

52

<2 × 10−16**

60

25

39

<2 × 10−16**

50

(25–40)

(44–60)

(19–30)

(33–46)

  1. Data is presented as median daily intake (interquartile range)
  2. *Multiple linear regressions adjusted for age and energy intake were applied to test for difference in means between the vegan and DANSDA study samples. In case of non-normality log-transformation (**) or an unadjusted Welch’s t-test was applied (***)