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Table 4 Effect of almonds on biochemical biomarkersa

From: Effect of almond consumption on vascular function in patients with coronary artery disease: a randomized, controlled, cross-over trial

Biomarker

Almond diet

Control diet

 

Pre

Post

Pre

Post

Plasma Lipid Profile

    

 Total cholesterol, mg/dL

146.2 ± 37.8

146.9 ± 32.4

149.8 ± 43.2

148.6 ± 38.3

 HDL-C, mg/dL

41.0 ± 11.2

41.7 ± 11.2

41.7 ± 10.8

43.3 ± 15.6

 LDL-C, mg/dL

78.7 ± 28.6

80.3 ± 26.2

82.67 ± 36.3

77.9 ± 26.3

 Total triglycerides, mg/dL

123.6 ± 90.9

124.3 ± 60.7

129.2 ± 75.5

131.4 ± 60.2

 Small dense LDL-C, mg/dL

30.9 ± 14.1

32.8 ± 14.1

33.7 ± 19.9

29.6 ± 12.1

 Apo-B100, mg/dL

69.0 ± 20.8

71.9 ± 19.0

72.3 ± 25.0

67.1 ± 19.8

 Apo-AI, mg/dL

118.0 ± 22.0

118.4 ± 22.1

118.8 ± 21.0

121.0 ± 28.1

Plasma Inflammatory cytokines

    

 C-reactive Protein, mg/L

4.0 ± 6.4

3.3 ± 4.2

4.5 ± 5.7

3.9 ± 5.1

 TNFα, pg/mL

1.8 ± 1.8

1.8 ± 1.6

1.6 ± 1.4

1.7 ± 1.5

 IL-6, pg/mL

3.5 ± 2.2

3.6 ± 2.5

3.8 ± 2.9

4.1 ± 2.9

Endothelial function

    

 Plasma E-selectin, ng/mL

28.7 ± 19.6

28.7 ± 18.6

29.4 ± 20.7

27.5 ± 17.7

 Plasma VCAM-1, ng/mL

854 ± 377

787 ± 363b

826 ± 380

835 ± 341

 Plasma nitric oxide, μmol/L

38.2 ± 12.6

41.8 ± 15.8

42.1 ± 17.4

39.3 ± 13.1

 Urinary nitric oxide, μmol/mg creatinine

0.62 ± 0.59

0.56 ± 0.36c

0.63 ± 0.33

0.47 ± 0.29

Oxidative stress

    

 Circulating oxidized LDL, mU/mL

741 ± 704

727 ± 637

729 ± 604

778 ± 746

 α-Tocopherol, μg/dL

1080 ± 453

1143 ± 388**

1120 ± 362

1037 ± 347

 γ-Tocopherol, μg/dL

156 ± 82

132 ± 69*

175 ± 104

158 ± 84

  1. aAbbreviation: VCAM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
  2. bP = 0.0641, cP = 0.09, *P <0.05, **P <0.01, statistical significance between post values tested by LSMEANS