Biomarker | Almond diet | Control diet | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
 | Pre | Post | Pre | Post |
Plasma Lipid Profile | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 146.2 ± 37.8 | 146.9 ± 32.4 | 149.8 ± 43.2 | 148.6 ± 38.3 |
 HDL-C, mg/dL | 41.0 ± 11.2 | 41.7 ± 11.2 | 41.7 ± 10.8 | 43.3 ± 15.6 |
 LDL-C, mg/dL | 78.7 ± 28.6 | 80.3 ± 26.2 | 82.67 ± 36.3 | 77.9 ± 26.3 |
 Total triglycerides, mg/dL | 123.6 ± 90.9 | 124.3 ± 60.7 | 129.2 ± 75.5 | 131.4 ± 60.2 |
 Small dense LDL-C, mg/dL | 30.9 ± 14.1 | 32.8 ± 14.1 | 33.7 ± 19.9 | 29.6 ± 12.1 |
 Apo-B100, mg/dL | 69.0 ± 20.8 | 71.9 ± 19.0 | 72.3 ± 25.0 | 67.1 ± 19.8 |
 Apo-AI, mg/dL | 118.0 ± 22.0 | 118.4 ± 22.1 | 118.8 ± 21.0 | 121.0 ± 28.1 |
Plasma Inflammatory cytokines | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 C-reactive Protein, mg/L | 4.0 ± 6.4 | 3.3 ± 4.2 | 4.5 ± 5.7 | 3.9 ± 5.1 |
 TNFα, pg/mL | 1.8 ± 1.8 | 1.8 ± 1.6 | 1.6 ± 1.4 | 1.7 ± 1.5 |
 IL-6, pg/mL | 3.5 ± 2.2 | 3.6 ± 2.5 | 3.8 ± 2.9 | 4.1 ± 2.9 |
Endothelial function | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Plasma E-selectin, ng/mL | 28.7 ± 19.6 | 28.7 ± 18.6 | 29.4 ± 20.7 | 27.5 ± 17.7 |
 Plasma VCAM-1, ng/mL | 854 ± 377 | 787 ± 363b | 826 ± 380 | 835 ± 341 |
 Plasma nitric oxide, μmol/L | 38.2 ± 12.6 | 41.8 ± 15.8 | 42.1 ± 17.4 | 39.3 ± 13.1 |
 Urinary nitric oxide, μmol/mg creatinine | 0.62 ± 0.59 | 0.56 ± 0.36c | 0.63 ± 0.33 | 0.47 ± 0.29 |
Oxidative stress | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Circulating oxidized LDL, mU/mL | 741 ± 704 | 727 ± 637 | 729 ± 604 | 778 ± 746 |
 α-Tocopherol, μg/dL | 1080 ± 453 | 1143 ± 388** | 1120 ± 362 | 1037 ± 347 |
 γ-Tocopherol, μg/dL | 156 ± 82 | 132 ± 69* | 175 ± 104 | 158 ± 84 |