Nutrition Journal

Table 3 Comparison of nutrient contents between the observed and optimized daily food intake patterns

From: Designing optimal food intake patterns to achieve nutritional goals for Japanese adults through the use of linear programming optimization models

		Women				Men
		30–49 years (n = 45)		50–69 years (n = 47)		30–49 years (n = 40)		50–69 years (n = 42)
	Unit/day	Observed^b	Optimized	Observed^b	Optimized	Observed^b	Optimized	Observed^b	Optimized
Energy	kcal	1856	2000	1898	1900	2391	2650	2457	2450
Protein	g	66.8	82.6	74.9	73.1	81.3	104.9	89.5	89.3
Total fat	%E	29.1	23.0	26.0	25.5	26.2	23.5	24.0	23.5
SFA	%E	8.5^a	7.0	7.2^a	7.0	7.3^a	6.1	6.3	6.1
n-3 PUFA	g	2.3	1.9	2.7	2.7	2.8	3.2	3.3	3.2
n-6 PUFA	g	10.7	8.1	10.2	10.1	12.7	10.0	11.9	12.0
Carbohydrate	%E	53.8	59.1	56.7	57.8	53.1	55.7	54.4	54.9
Total dietary fibre	g	13.1^a	21.2	17.3	18.0	13.6^a	20.0	17.5^a	20.0
Vitamin A	μgRAE	584^a	804	682^a	700	628^a	900	786^a	850
Vitamin D	μg	6.2	8.1	10.2	10.2	7.4	13.1	12.0	11.9
Vitamin E^d	mg	7.1	7.4	8.1	8.3	8.0	9.3	9.0	9.9
Vitamin K	μg	211	308	279	292	212	292	283	311
Vitamin B₁	mg	0.87^a	1.3	0.96^a	1.00	1.1^a	1.4	1.1^a	1.3
Vitamin B₂	mg	1.2	1.7	1.5	1.4	1.4^a	1.7	1.6	1.7
Niacin^e	mgNE	15.9	36.4	18.0	30.0	20.9	45.8	23.1	40.3
Vitamin B₆	mg	1.1^a	1.7	1.4	1.4	1.4^a	1.9	1.7	1.9
Vitamin B₁₂	μg	6.5	8.3	9.1	8.8	8.0	13.1	11.5	11.4
Folate	μg	309	469	423	431	339	475	455	473
Pantothenic acid	mg	5.8	7.9	6.5	6.6	6.8	8.6	7.5	8.2
Vitamin C	mg	90^a	150	141	148	92^a	158	138	147
Salt equivalent^f	g	12.2^a	7.0	12.4^a	7.0	16.2^a	8.0	14.5^a	8.0
Potassium	mg	2393^a	3403	3049	3004	2672^a	3595	3209	3346
Calcium	mg	526^a	674	656	650	544^a	677	641^a	700
Magnesium	mg	249^a	385	310	310	286^a	370	348^a	401
Phosphorus	mg	1015	1337	1173	1166	1197	1520	1350	1492
Iron	mg	7.4^a	10.5	9.5	9.1	8.3	10.1	10.3	10.7
Zinc	mg	7.9^a	10.1	8.6	8.7	9.6^a	12.1	10.4	10.9
Copper	mg	1.1	1.5	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.7	1.5	1.6
Manganese	mg	3.1^a	5.0	4.3	4.6	3.8^a	4.9	4.8	5.7
Alcohol	%E	1.5	1.4	0.9	0.9	5.4	5.0	5.8	6.2

^aNutrients not meeting the DRIs
^bObserved intake of nutrients in each sex and age group was based on the average population intake of nutrients
^c1 μgRAE = retinol (μg) + β-carotene (μg) × 1/12 + α-carotene (μg) × 1/24 + β-cryptoxantin (μg) × 1/24 + other provitamin A carotenoides (μg) × 1/24
^dComputation was made on α-tocopherol. Vitamin E other than α-tocopherol was not included
^eNiacin equivalents were computed as niacin (mg) + tryptophan (mg)/60
^fFor convenience, the DG of sodium are expressed as referring to salt-equivalent [salt (g) = 58.5/23 × sodium (g)]

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