Designing optimal food intake patterns to achieve nutritional goals for Japanese adults through the use of linear programming optimization models

Okubo, Hitomi; Sasaki, Satoshi; Murakami, Kentaro; Yokoyama, Tetsuji; Hirota, Naoko; Notsu, Akiko; Fukui, Mitsuru; Date, Chigusa

doi:10.1186/s12937-015-0047-7

Table 2 List of nutritional constraints included in the linear programming optimization models

From: Designing optimal food intake patterns to achieve nutritional goals for Japanese adults through the use of linear programming optimization models

	Women^a				Men^a
Dietary Reference Intake constraints	30–49 years		50–59 years		30–49 years		50–59 years
Estimated Energy Requirement (kcal/day)^b	2000		1900		2650		2450
Nutrients with DG
Total fat (% of energy)	20–30		20–30		20–30		20–30
SFA (% of energy)	≤7		≤7		≤7		≤7
Carbohydrate (% of energy)	50–65		50–65		50–65		50–65
Dietary fibre (g/day)	≥18		≥18		≥20		≥20
Sodium (salt-equivalent) (g/day)^c	<7.0		<7.0		<8.0		<8.0
Potassium (mg/day)	≥2600		≥2600		≥3000		≥3000
Nutrients with RDA or AI	RDA or AI	UL	RDA or AI	UL	RDA or AI	UL	RDA or AI	UL
Protein (g/day)	≥50	-	≥50	-	≥60	-	≥60	-
n-3 PUFA (g/day)	≥1.6	-	≥2.0	-	≥2.1	-	≥2.4	-
n-6 PUFA (g/day)	≥8	-	≥8	-	≥10	-	≥10	-
Vitamin A (μgRAE/day)^d	≥700	≤2700	≥700	≤2700	≥900	≤2700	≥850	≤2700
Vitamin D (μg/day)	≥5.5	≤100	≥5.5	≤100	≥5.5	≤100	≥5.5	≤100
Vitamin E (mg/day)^e	≥6.0	≤700	≥6.0	≤700	≥6.5	≤900	≥6.5	≤850
Vitamin K (μg/day)	≥150	-	≥150	-	≥150	-	≥150	-
Vitamin B₁ (mg/day)	≥1.1	-	≥1.0	-	≥1.4	-	≥1.3	-
Vitamin B₂ (mg/day)	≥1.2	-	≥1.1	-	≥1.6	-	≥1.5	-
Niacin (mgNE/day)^f	≥12	-	≥11	-	≥15	-	≥14	-
Vitamin B₆ (mg/day)	≥1.2	-	≥1.2	-	≥1.4	-	≥1.4	-
Vitamin B₁₂ (μg/day)	≥2.4	-	≥2.4	-	≥2.4	-	≥2.4	-
Folate (μg/day)	≥240	-	≥240	-	≥240	-	≥240	-
Pantothenic acid (mg/day)	≥4	-	≥5	-	≥5	-	≥5	-
Vitamin C (mg/day)	≥100	-	≥100	-	≥100	-	≥100	-
Calcium (mg/day)	≥650	≤2500	≥650	≤2500	≥650	≤2500	≥700	≤2500
Magnesium (mg/day)	≥290	-	≥290	-	≥370	-	≥350	-
Phosphorus (mg/day)	≥800	≤3000	≥800	≤3000	≥1000	≤3000	≥1000	≤3000
Iron (mg/day)^g	≥10.5	≤40	≥6.5	≤40	≥7.5	≤55	≥7.5	≤50
Zinc (mg/day)	≥8	≤35	≥8	≤35	≥10	≤45	≥10	≤45
Copper (mg/day)	≥0.8	≤10	≥0.8	≤10	≥1.0	≤10	≥0.9	≤10
Manganese (mg/day)	≥3.5	≤11	≥3.5	≤11	≥4.0	≤11	≥4.0	≤11

DG, Tentative dietary goal for preventing life-style related disease; SFA, Saturated fatty acids; RDA, Recommended dietary allowance; AI, Adequate intake; UL, Tolerable upper intake level; PUFA, Polyunsaturated fatty acids; RAE, Retinol activity equivalent
^aSex and age categorizations were according to the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese, 2015
^bValues of Estimated Energy Requirement are based on physical activity level II (moderate)
^cFor convenience, the DG for sodium are expressed as referring to salt-equivalent [salt (g) = 58.5/23 × sodium (g)]
^d1 μgRAE = retinol (μg) + β-carotene (μg) × 1/12 + α-carotene (μg) × 1/24 + β-cryptoxantin (μg) × 1/24 + other provitamin A carotenoides (μg) × 1/24
^eComputation was made on α-tocopherol. Vitamin E other than α-tocopherol was not included
^fNiacin equivalents were computed as niacin (mg) + tryptophan (mg)/60
^gValue was the RDA of iron for menstruating women aged 30–49 years

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