Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants

Age, years

49

40-60

49

40-60

57

51-62

58

54-63

Never smoker, %

47.3

61.9

22.1

39.6

Former smoker, %

34.5

23.6

42.9

26.6

Current smoker, %

18.2

14.6

35.0

33.8

Physically active, %

29

20

33

18

Waist circumference, cm

97

11

85

13

94

9

83

11

Body Mass Index, kg/m²

27

4

27

6

26

3

25

4

Hypertension, %

33.5

26.6

53.6

45.3

Use of anti-hypertensives, %

12.0

14.2

8.6

8.1

HbA1c, %

5.2

0.6

5.2

0.6

5.4

0.5

5.4

0.5

Total Cholesterol, mmol/l

5.7

1.0

5.7

1.1

6.4

1.2

6.6

1.4

HDL cholesterol, mmol/l

1.27

0.32

1.56

0.38

1.36

0.38

1.66

0.43

Triglycerides, mmol/l

1.40

0.98-2.10

1.16

0.80-1.70

1.41

0.98-2.04

1.13

0.82-1.61

eGFR (CKD-EPI formula)

80

12

74

12

97

13

96

14

Albumin/creatinine ratio

0.47

0.35-0.76

0.61

0.46-1.03

0.49

0.33-0.84

0.57

0.39-0.90

Serum Uric Acid , μmol/l

344

76

25

72

360

85

269

66

Alcohol: Never

9.2

17.6

30.7

49.8

Alcohol: <5 g/day

23.0

41.5

43.0

41.4

Alcohol: 5–10 g/day

12.3

12.8

19.3

7.3

Alcohol: >10 g/day

55.5

28.1

7.0

1.6

Total energy intake, kJ/day

9490

3599

7178

2958

9039

1902

6687

1637

Protein, Energy %

19

3

20

3

17

2

17

2

Fat, Energy %

37

5

35

6

28

6

30

6

Carbohydrate, Energy %

45

6

46

6

54

6

52

6