Table 1 Characteristics of included studies of coffee in relation to risk of hip fracture
From: Effect of coffee intake on hip fracture: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Author | Year | Country | Period | Duration (years) | Cases | Participants | Mean age or age range (years) | Assessment of coffee consumption | Hip fracture ascertainment | Highest vs. lowest category of coffee consumption | RR (95% CI) | Adjustments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cummings S R | 1995 | America | 1986-1990 | 4 | 192 | 9516 | ≥65 | Frequency questionaire | Radographs | ≥1 vs. never | 1.20 (1.00 -1.50) | Fractures and calcaneal bone density |
Hallstrom H | 2013 | America | 1987-2008 | 22 | 3871 | 14738 | ≥50 | Frequency questionaire | Hospital registers | ≥4 vs. < 1 | 0.88 (0.78 -1.00) | Age, body mass index, height, total energy intake, and dietary intakes of calcium, vitamin D, retinol, protein, phosphorous, potassium, and alcohol, vitamin D supplementation, tea consumption, educational level, physical activity level, smoking status, previous fracture, Charlson comorbidity index, living condition (living alone or not), nulliparity, cortisone use, and hormone replacement therapy. |
Hansen S A | 2000 | America | 1986-1992 | 6.5 | 275 | 34703 | 55-69 | Frequency questionaire | Self-reportd | ≥4 vs. ≤ 0.5 | 0.92 (0.62 -1.36) | Age, alcohol intake, calcium intake, estrogen-replacement therapy, smoking, physical activity, body mass index, caloric intake, and waist hip rate |
Hernandez-Avila M | 1991 | America | 1980-1986 | 6 | 59 | 84484 | 34-59 | Frequency questionaire | Self-reported | ≥4 vs.never | 3.35 (1.32 -8.49) | Age, Quetelet index, menopause status, oestrogen-replacement therapy, calcium intake, alcohol intake |
Jokinen H | 2010 | Finland | 1997-2007 | 10 | 21 | 1222 | 72 | Frequency questionaire | Medical records | >5 vs. <5 | 2.58 (1.01 -6.56) | Body mass index, physical activity, calcium intake, smoking, alcohol use, and cardiovascular disease. |
Kiel D | 1990 | America | 1971-1982 | 12 | 135 | 17,256 | 76.5 | Frequency questionaire | Medical records and self-reported | >2 vs. ≤ 2 | 1.82 (1.09 -3.05) | Sex, age, Framingham examination number, metropolitan relative weight, postmenopausal oestrogen use, smoking, alcohol consumption |
Meyer H E | 1997 | Norway | 1977-1991 | 11.4 | 212 | 19938 | 56.5 | Frequency questionaire | Medical records or discharge letters | ≥9 vs. <2 | 1.94(0.96 -3.91) | Age, body height, body mass index, self-reported physical activity at work and during leisure time, diabetes mellitus, disability pension, marital status, and smoking |
for women | ||||||||||||
1.04 ( 0.37 -2.94) | ||||||||||||
for men | ||||||||||||
Trimpou P | 2010 | Sweden | 1974-2003 | 30 | 451 | 7495 | 46-56 | Frequency questionaire | Hospital discharge register | >5 vs.never | 0.55 (0.42 -0.73) | Age, physical activity, smoking, stature, occupation, alcohol abuse, intercurrent stroke, dementia, serum cholesterol concentrations, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, psychological stress, systolic blood pressure |
van Lenthe F J | 2011 | Netherlands | 1991-2003 | 13 | 192 | 16578 | >55 | Frequency questionaire | Hospital admission database | ≥3 vs. never | 0.75 (0.42 -1.36) | Father’s occupation, adult occupation, education, income proxy |