Table 2 Energy and nutrient intakes of COPD patients assessed by food frequency questionnaire

Energy (kcal)

1770.0 ± 338.2

1937.2 ± 605.7

0.478

1906.3 ± 567.4

RNI (%)

81.3 ± 15.1

86.1 ± 24.4

0.519

85.2 ± 22.9

  <RNI

11 (91.7)

38 (71.7)

0.266

49 (75.4)

  Carbohydrate (g)

258.4 ± 46.9

276.6 ± 92.3

0.488

273.2 ± 85.7

Protein (g)

68.4 ± 15.4

73.7 ± 26.7

0.946

72.7 ± 25.0

Fat (g)

48.1 ± 13.6

55.5 ± 21.5

0.398

54.1 ± 20.4

Ratio of C:P:F

60:16:24

58:16:26

-

58:16:26

Fiber (g)

19.3 ± 3.8

21.0 ± 6.9

0.499

20.7 ± 6.5

  RNI (%)

66.4 ± 13.2

72.3 ± 23.9

0.254

71.2 ± 22.3

  <RNI

12 (100.0)

47 (88.7)

0.583

59 (90.8)

Vitamin A (mcg)

1029.2 ± 1365.4

782.2 ± 621.6

0.710

827.8 ± 802.3

  RNI (%)

114.4 ± 151.2

86.9 ± 69.1

0.340

92.0 ± 89.1

  <RNI

8 (66.7)

41 (77.4)

0.470

49 (75.4)

Vitamin E (mg)

16.3 ± 5.1

17.3 ± 7.0

0.710

17.1 ± 6.6

  RNI (%)

108.5 ± 33.7

115.6 ± 46.5

0.618

114.3 ± 44.3

  <RNI

4 (33.3)

20 (37.7)

1.000

24 (36.9)

Vitamin B12 (mcg)

4.9 ± 4.8

3.8 ± 3.0

0.442

4.0 ± 3.4

  RNI (%)

202.1 ± 201.1

160.0 ± 123.3

0.350

167.7 ± 139.9

  <RNI

3 (25.0)

21 (39.6)

0.511

24 (39.6)

Vitamin C (mg)

115.2 ± 34.7

115.6 ± 60.3

0.389

115.5 ± 56.2

  RNI (%)

128.0 ± 38.6

128.5 ± 67.0

0.979

128.4 ± 62.4

  <RNI

1 (8.3)

20 (37.7)

0.084

21 (32.3)

Calcium (mg)

654.0 ± 141.7

759.8 ± 334.8

0.302

740.2 ± 310.2

  RNI (%)

54.5 ± 11.8

65.2 ± 31.4

0.057

63.2 ± 29.1

  <RNI

12 (100.0)

48 (90.6)

0.575

60 (92.3)

Iron (mg)

9.1 ± 1.9

9.9 ± 3.3

0.594

9.8 ± 3.1

  RNI (%)

91.2 ± 19.2

99.2 ± 33.1

0.423

97.7 ± 31.0

  <RNI

7 (58.3)

30 (56.6)

0.913

37 (56.9)

Zinc (mg)

8.1 ± 1.7

9.0 ± 3.2

0.660

8.8 ± 3.0

  RNI (%)

74.0 ± 15.8

81.8 ± 29.2

0.375

80.3 ± 27.3

  <RNI

12 (100.0)

42 (79.2)

0.109

54 (83.1)

Magnesium (mg)

205.3 ± 53.8

247.0 ± 94.2

0.217

239.3 ± 89.3

  RNI (%)

48.9 ± 12.8

58.8 ± 22.4

0.145

57.0 ± 21.3

  <RNI

12 (100.0)

49 (92.5)

1.000

61 (93.8)