The mechanism by which moderate alcohol consumption influences coronary heart disease

Nutrition Journal

Table 3 Salient serological and functional biomarkers of CHD, and prospective ones

Biomarker (class and salient examples)	Prediction of CHD	Size of studies	Ref.
Biomarker (class and salient examples)	Relative risk (95% CI)	(N = number of trials, n = number of patients)	Ref.
Lipid-related markers:
HDL	0.78 (0.74-0.82)	(N = 68, n = 302 430)	[154]
Triglycerides	0.99 (0.94-1.05)	(N = 68, n = 302 430)	[154]
Leptin	1.04 (0.92-1.17)	(n = 1 832)	[155]
LDL	1.25 (1.18-1.33)	(N = 15, n = 233 455)	[156]
Non-HDL	1.34 (1.24-1.44)	(N = 15, n = 233 455)	[156]
ApoB	1.43 (1.35-1.51)	(N = 15, n = 233 455)	[156]
Inflammation markers:
TNF-α	1.17 (1.09-1.25)	(N = 7, n = 6 107)	[157]
hsCRP	1.20 (1.18-1.22)	(N = 38, n = 166 596)	[158]
IL-6	1.25 (1.19-1.32)	(N = 25, n = 42 123)	[157]
GDF-15	1.40 (1.10-1.80)	(n = 1 740)	[159]
OPG	1.41 (1.33-1.57)	(n = 5 863)	[160]
Marker of oxidative stress:
MPO	1.17 (1.06-1.30)	(n = 2 861)	[161]
Marker of vascular function and neurohormonal activity:
Homocysteine	1.15 (1.09-1.22)	(N = 20, n = 22 652)	[162,163]
BNP	1.42 (1.24-1.63)	(N = 40, n = 87 474)	[164]
Coagulation marker:
Fibrinogen	1.15 (1.13-1.17)	(N = 40, n = 185 892)	[158]
Necrosis marker:
Troponins	1.15 (1.04-1.27)	(n = 3 265)	[20]
Renal function marker:
Urinary ACR	1.57 (1.26-1.95)	(n = 626)	[165]
Metabolic markers:
IGF-1	0.76 (0.56-1.04)	(n = 3 967)	[166]
Adiponectin	0.97 (0.86-1.09)	(N = 14, n =21 272)	[167]
Cortisol	1.10 (0.97-1.25)	(n = 2 512)	[168,169]
BDNF	?	*N/A*	[99,101,102]
HbA_1c	1.42 (1.16-1.74)	(N = 2, n = 2 442)	[170]
Insulin resistance (HOMA)	1.46 (1.26-1.69)	(N = 17, n = 51 161)	[171]

From “How do high glycemic load diets influence coronary heart disease?” by Mathews MJ, Liebenberg L, Mathews EH. Nutr Metab. 2015:12:6 [14]. n denotes number of participants; N, number of trials; ?, currently unknown RR for CHD; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; ACR, albumin–to-creatinine ratio; GDF-15, growth-differentiation factor-15; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HbA_1c, glycated haemoglobin A_1c; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-α; ApoB, apolipoprotein-B; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; MPO, myeloperoxidase; RANKL or OPG, osteoprotegerin; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment.

ISSN: 1475-2891