Table 1 Baseline anthropometric, body composition, biochemical parameters and dietary analysis for the high energy, high carbohydrate diet + exercise (HED; 2,600: 55:15:30), no diet + exercise (ND), very low carbohydrate, high protein diet + exercise (VLCHP: 1,200; 63:7:30), low carbohydrate, moderate protein diet + exercise (LCMP: 1,200; 50:20:30), high carbohydrate, low protein diet + exercise (HCLP: 1,200; 55:15:30) and no diet + no exercise control (CON).
Demographics | Grand Mean (n = 141) | HED (n = 9) | ND (n = 5) | VLCHP (n = 39) | LCMP (n = 36) | HCLP (n = 43) | CON (n = 9) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 39 ± 8 | 43 ± 7 | 42 ± 2 | 38 ± 8 | 40 ± 7 | 38 ± 8 | 32 ± 10 | 0.06 |
Height (cm) | 163 ± 7 | 162 ± 8 | 165 ± 3 | 163 ± 8 | 164 ± 7 | 164 ± 6 | 163 ± 6 | 0.95 |
Weight (kg) | 93 ± 17 | 88 ± 16 | 93 ± 28 | 95 ± 18 | 95 ± 15 | 93 ± 15 | 86 ± 17 | 0.65 |
Body mass index (kg•m-2) | 35 ± 6 | 33 ± 6 | 34 ± 11 | 36 ± 7 | 36 ± 6 | 35 ± 5 | 33 ± 6 | 0.70 |
Waist (cm) | 98 ± 13 | 97 ± 6 | 86 ± 11 | 99 ± 15 | 102 ± 14 | 98 ± 11 | 92 ± 13 | 0.12 |
DXA fat-free mass (kg) | 47 ± 7 | 46 ± 8 | 47 ± 11 | 48 ± 7 | 47 ± 6 | 48 ± 6 | 45 ± 7 | 0.87 |
DXA fat mass (kg) | 39 ± 10 | 35 ± 9 | 41 ± 16 | 39 ± 10 | 42 ± 10 | 39 ± 9 | 35 ± 9 | 0.28 |
REE (kcals•d-1) | 1632 ± 277 | 1297 ± 319 | 1462 ± 246 | 1690 ± 283f | 1642 ± 249f | 1642 ± 247f | 1720 ± 265f | < 0.005 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 123 ± 13 | 122 ± 13 | 118 ± 4 | 125 ± 13 | 122 ± 14 | 123 ± 13 | 121 ± 13 | 0.89 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 82 ± 8 | 82 ± 11 | 81 ± 8 | 84 ± 10 | 82 ± 8 | 82 ± 7 | 80 ± 7 | 0.84 |
VO2 (ml/kg/min) | 22 ± 4 | 24 ± 3 | 21 ± 4 | 22 ± 4 | 21 ± 5 | 22 ± 3 | 24 ± 5 | 0.51 |
Biochemical parameters | Grand Mean | HED | ND | VLCHP | LCMP | HCLP | CON | P-value |
Total cholesterol (mmol•L-1) | 5.0 ± 0.9 | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 5.4 ± 1.0 | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 0.78 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol•L-1) | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 0.31 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol•L-1) | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 0.47 |
Triglycerides (mmol•L-1) | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 0.73 |
Glucose (mmol•L-1) | 5.4 ± 0.9 | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 5.2 ± 0.5 | 5.5 ± 1.2 | 5.4 ± 0.9 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 5.1 ± 0.6 | 0.83 |
Insulin (pmol•L-1) | 271 ± 331 | 252 ± 333 | 60 ± 50 | 351 ± 377 | 274 ± 410 | 227 ± 195 | N/A | 0.33 |
HOMA-IR | 9.6 ± 11.4 | 9.5 ± 13.7 | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 12.5 ± 13.4 | 9.3 ± 12.9 | 8.1 ± 7.4 | N/A | 0.28 |
Cortisol (μg•dL-1) | 34.9 ± 17.5 | 38.1 ± 31.8 | 35.6 ± 20.1 | 33.4 ± 16.7 | 34.7 ± 14.7 | 35.7 ± 16.2 | N/A | 0.96 |
Ketones (μM) | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.18 ± 0.15 | 0.09 ± 0.09 | 0.10 ± 0.13 | 0.08 ± 0.06 | 0.08 ± 0.06 | N/A | 0.29 |
Leptin (pg•mL-1) | 21.2 ± 6.4 | 20.1 ± 6.8 | 23.0 ± 7.5 | 22.8 ± 7.9 | 22.8 ± 7.9 | 21.2 ± 7.0 | N/A | 0.76 |
Dietary Intake | Grand Mean | HED | ND | VLCHP | LCMP | HCLP | CON | P-value |
Caloric intake (kcal/kg/day) | 21.7 ± 6.8 | 23.6 ± 5.3 | 22.3 ± 4.4 | 20.9 ± 6.4 | 21.1 ± 5.1 | 22.4 ± 8.5 | --- | 0.87 |
Carbohydrate (g/kg/day) | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | --- | 0.24 |
Protein (g/kg/day) | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | --- | < 0.001 |
Fat (g/kg/day) | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | --- | 0.95 |