Table 1 Effects of Ramadan fasting on nutrient intake
Outcome | Reference | Subjects | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) | Adlouni [25] | 32 M | ↑ |
| Â | Kassab [51] | 44 W | 1 |
|  | Lamine [52] | 9 M & 21 W | ↑ |
|  | Rakicioğlu [27] | 21 W | ↔2 |
|  | Al-Hourani [53] | 57 W | ↔ |
|  | El Ati [24] | 16 W | ↔ |
|  | Ibrahim [14] | 9 M & 5 W | ↔ |
Carbohydrate (%) | Adlouni [25] | 32 M | ↑ |
|  | Al-Hourani [53] | 57 W | ↔ |
|  | Bouhlel [33] | 9 M | ↓ |
|  | El Ati [24] | 16 W | ↓ |
|  | Maughan [28] | 59 M | ↓ |
|  | Rakicioğlu [27] | 21 W | ↓ |
Protein (%) | Adlouni [25] | 32 M | ↑ |
|  | El Ati [24] | 16 W | ↑ |
|  | Maughan [28] | 59 M | ↑ |
|  | Al-Hourani [53] | 57 W | ↔ |
|  | Bouhlel [33] | 9 M | ↔ |
|  | Rakicioğlu [27] | 21 W | ↔ |
Fat (%) | Bouhlel [33] | 9 M | ↑ |
|  | El Ati [24] | 16 W | ↑ |
|  | Khaled [26] | 276 W | ↑ |
|  | Rakicioğlu [27] | 21 W | ↑ |
|  | Adlouni [25] | 32 M | ↔ |
|  | Al-Hourani [53] | 57 W | ↔ |
|  | Maughan [28] | 59 M | ↔ |