Table 7 Fate of Immunomodulatory Polysaccharide Products Following Oral Intake
From: Immunomodulatory dietary polysaccharides: a systematic review of the literature
Category | Product | Metabol-ized by human gut bacteria? | Study type | Fate (method: tissues detected) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arabinogalactans | Larix spp. | yes | in vitro | NA | |
Fucoidans | Undaria pinnatifida | no | in vitro | Ab: human plasma | |
Galactomannans | Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (partially hydrolyzed guar gum) | yes | in vivo | NA | [171] |
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (guar gum) | yes | in vitro | NA | [167] | |
Glucans | Hordeum vulgare | NA | in vivo | Fluorescein-labeled: mouse Mø in the spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes | [73] |
Laminaria digitata (laminarin) | yes | in vitro | NA | ||
Sclerotium rofsii (scleroglucan) glucan phosphate, Laminaria spp. (laminarin) | NA | in vivo | Alexa Fluor 488-labeled: mouse intestinal epithelial cells, plasma, GALT | [29] | |
Saccharomyces cervisiae (particulate) | NA | in vivo | Fluorescein-labeled: mouse macrophage in the spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes | [73] | |
Trametes versicolor (PSK) | NA | in vivo | 14C-labeled: rat and rabbit serum; mouse GI tract, bone marrow, salivary glands, liver, brain, spleen, pancreas | [173] | |
Mannans | Aloe barbadensis (aloemannan) | yes | in vitro | FITC-labeled: mouse, GI tract | |
Aloe barbadensis (gel powder) | yes | in vitro | NA | [163] | |
Aloe barbadensis (acemannan) | NA | in vivo | 14C-labeled: dog systemic, particularly liver, bone marrow, gut, kidney, thymus, spleen | (Carrington Laboratories, personal communication) | |
Mixed polysaccharide products | Ambrotose complex®, Advanced Ambrotose® powder | yes | in vitro | NA | |
Pectins | NA | yes | in vitro | NA | |
Buplerum falcatum (bupleuran 2IIc) | NA | in vivo | Ab bound: mouse Peyer's patch, liver | [109] |