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Table 1 Included studies in the meta-analysis of calcium balance from a change of phosphate intake

From: Phosphate decreases urine calcium and increases calcium balance: A meta-analysis of the osteoporosis acid-ash diet hypothesis

Study

Year

Subjects

Age range (years)

% female

Study design

Baseline

PO4 intake (mmol/day)

Ethics approval

Food weighted

Food lab analysis

Usual Calcium intake

Patton [21]

1953

young women

N/A

(100%)

RCO

25

N/A

yes

yes

no

Malm [27]

1953

male prisoners

20-56

0

CO

unclear

N/A

yes

yes

yes

Goldsmith [28]

1976

postmenopausal women with osteoporosis

63-75

7(100%)

CO

40

N/A

no

no

yes

Bell [29]

1977

young adults

24-36

3/8 (38%)

CO

32

yes

yes

yes

no

Spencer [30]

1978

adult men

38-65

0

CO

25

N/A

yes

yes

no

Hegsted [31]

1981

adult males

19-25

0

CO

33

yes

yes

yes

no

Zemel [32]

1981

young men

18-24

0

CO

27

yes

yes

yes

no

Schuette [33]

1982

young men

19-26

0

CO

29

yes

yes

yes

no

Spencer [34]

1986

adult males

48-71

0

CO

26

yes

yes

yes

no

Whybro [36]

1998

healthy men

19-38

0

RCO

26 & 32

yes

no

no

no

Kemi [37]

2006

young women

20-28

48(100%)

RCO

16

yes

no

no

no

Krapf [35]

1995

young men

22

0

CO

49

yes

no

no

no