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Table 2 Mean change from baseline in serum biomarkers during feeding study – Average American vs. Intervention Diet1

From: The effect of walnut intake on factors related to prostate and vascular health in older men

 

Baseline

Change Following Average American Diet2

Change Following Intervention Diet2

P-value for Difference in Change

Total cholesterol, mmol/L

5.01 ± 0.16

-0.02 ± 0.12

-0.18 ± 0.12

0.13

HDL, mmol/L

1.36 ± 0.06

-0.04 ± 0.04

-0.05 ± 0.04

0.95

Oxidized LDL, mmol/L

2.61 ± 0.16

-0.15 ± 0.11

-0.16 ± 0.11

0.98

Triglycerides3, mmol/L

1.31 ± 1.01

1.00 ± 1.00

1.00 ± 1.00

0.48

LDL, mmol/L

3.11 ± 0.15

0.03 ± 0.13

-0.10 ± 0.13

0.21

LDL:HDL

2.37 ± 0.16

0.15 ± 0.15

0.04 ± 0.15

0.34

Non-HDL:HDL

2.79 ± 0.19

0.18 ± 0.15

0.03 ± 0.15

0.28

Total PSA, μg/L

5.02 ± 0.63

-0.07 ± 0.35

0.05 ± 0.36

0.75

Free PSA, μg/L

0.92 ± 0.13

0.05 ± 0.10

0.13 ± 0.10

0.56

Percent Free PSA3, %

38.8 ± 1.04

1.03 ± 1.03

0.99 ± 1.03

0.07

Testosterone nmol/L

16.4 ± 1.11

-0.60 ± 0.70

-0.75 ± 0.70

0.82

Bioavailable testosterone nmol/L

4.66 ± 0.29

-0.35 ± 0.26

-0.34 ± 0.26

0.99

Percent bioavailable testosterone, %

0.92 ± 0.13

-0.85 ± 0.93

-0.45 ± 0.94

0.66

IGF-1, μg/L

143 ± 9.11

10.6 ± 5.85

1.79 ± 6.07

0.13

3α-Androstanediol glucuronide, nmol/L

13.8 ± 1.55

-0.02 ± 0.01

-0.02 ± 0.01

0.90

Estradiol, pmol/L

97.7 ± 5.74

1.22 ± 4.02

-3.85 ± 4.02

0.34

Alpha-tocopherol,4 μmol/L

29.3 ± 2.19

-0.71 ± 1.30

-2.65 ± 1.30

0.13

Gamma- tocopherol,4 μmol/L

4.14 ± 0.43

0.26 ± 0.52

0.83 ± 0.52

0.08

Tocopherol ratio alpha:gamma4

11.0 ± 9.91

-0.51 ± 1.99

-3.49 ± 1.99

0.01

  1. 1Values are least-squares means ± SEM, n = 21. Data presented from the final model, in which weight was significant only for tocopherols and IGF-1 and was omitted for all other variables.
  2. 2Change scores calculated for each diet as Δ = mean concentration following diet – mean concentration at baseline.
  3. 3Triglyceride and percent free PSA (n = 20) change score data were log-transformed, and change scores are presented as geometric means.
  4. 4 n = 20. Tocopherol change score adjusted for change in weight between the two diets.